Eye+Movements

are [|voluntary] or [|involuntary] movements of the [|eyes] helping in [|visual perception] to [|fixate] and [|track] [|visual] [|stimuli], to acquire information applied to [|memorization] and learning in [|heuristic search] and pattern recognition.
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 * [[image:Eye_movements_of_a_chess_champion_nc.jpg link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_movements_of_a_chess_champion_nc.jpg"]] ||~ || **Eye Movements**,

Of special interest in chess and cognition are eye movements of chess players at the chess board, where cognitive experiments and computer chess simulations were conducted by various researchers to understand how chess masters grasp the important features of a chess position, giving hints to the search concerning move selectivity and ordering. In computer chess simulations, eye movement is related to attack and move generation, either one-many of one piece from its origin square to multiple target squares, or many-one, that is one particular target square attacked/defended by multiple pieces as in Square Attacked By with bitboards. toc =Applications=
 * Eye movements of a chess champion ||~ ||^ ||
 * Eye movements of a chess champion ||~ ||^ ||

Perceiver & MAPP
The experimental program Perceiver by Michael Barenfeld and Herbert Simon was able to duplicate the eye movements of a master by adhering to the simple relations of attack and defense, further extended by Kevin J. Gilmartin and Simon into a system called MAPP (Memory-aided Pattern Perceiver) which uses the learning mechanism of EPAM.

CHUMP
CHUMP, by Fernand Gobet and Peter Jansen, is an application of the Chunk Hierarchy and REtrieval STructures (CHREST),  a pattern learning approach where an eye movement simulator is the only part of the system where the rules of the game, that is how pieces attack and move, influence the learning process.

=Skill in Chess= Excerpt from //Eye movements at the Chess Board// in //Skill in Chess//, 1973 by Herbert Simon and William Chase :

Tichomirov and Poznyanskaya


=See also=
 * Attacks
 * Attack and Defend Maps
 * CHREST
 * CHUMP
 * MAPP
 * Perceiver
 * Square Attacked By

=Publicatons=

1960 ...

 * Oleg K. Tichomirov, E. D. Poznyanskaya (**1966**). //[|An Investigation of Visual Search as a Means of Analyzing Heuristics]//. Soviet Psychology, Winter 1966-67 (from [|Voprosy Psikhologii], 1966, 2, 4)
 * Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (**1968**). //Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions//. Carnegie Mellon University, Paper #127
 * Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (**1969**). //[|Information Processing-Analysis of Perceptual Processes in Problem Solving]//. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5, reprinted in Herbert A. Simon (**1979**). //[|Models of Thought]//. [|Yale University Press], [|pdf]

1970 ...

 * Herbert Simon (**1973**). //Lessons from Perception for Chess-Playing Programs (and Vice Versa)//. Computer Science Research Review 1972-73, [|pdf]
 * Herbert Simon, William Chase (**1973**). //Skill in Chess//. [|American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, reprinted in David Levy (ed.) (**1988**) //Computer Chess Compendium//, [|pdf]
 * Ruslan Hajiev (**1975**). //[|Experimental Studies of Human Decision-Making and its Simulation by Situation Control Technique.]//. (on the basis of a chess endgame). [|IJCAI 1975], [|Tbilisi], Georgia, USSR, [|pdf]

1980 ...

 * Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig, Simona Tancig (**1984**). //Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2

1990 ...

 * Fernand Gobet, Peter Jansen (**1994**). //[|Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory].// Advances in Computer Chess 7
 * Adriaan de Groot, Fernand Gobet (**1996**). //[|Perception and memory in chess]. Heuristics of the professional eye.// Assen: Van Gorcum, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-232-2949-5. Chapter 9; A discussion: Two authors, two different views? [|word reprint].

2000 ...

 * Neil Charness, Eyal Reingold, et al. (**2001**). //The perceptual aspect of skilled performance in chess: Evidence from eye movements//. Memory & Cognition, Vol. 29, 1146-1152, [|pdf]
 * Toma Roncevic, [|Vlasta Zanchi] (**2004**). //Following outlines by Robotic Retinal Eye Movements//. [|3rd DAAAM International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Developing Countries, Split, Croatia]
 * Eyal Reingold, Neil Charness (**2005**). //Perception in chess: Evidence from eye movements//. Cognitive processes in eye guidance. [|Oxford University Press], [|pdf]
 * [|Hans-Werner Hunziker] (**2006**). //[|Im Auge des Lesers: vom Buchstabieren zur Lesefreude]//. (In the eye of the reader: from letter recognition to the joy of reading) Transmedia Verlag, Zurich, ISBN 978-3-7266-0068-6 (German)
 * Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (**2008**). //[|Why Good Thoughts Block Better Ones: The Mechanism of the Pernicious Einstellung (set) Effect]//. Cognition, Vol. 108, No. 3, [|preprint pdf]

=External Links=
 * [|Eye movement from Wikipedia]
 * [|Eye movement in reading from Wikipedia]
 * [|Eye movement in music reading from Wikipedia]
 * [|Eye tracking from Wikipedia]

Perception

 * [|Perception from Wikipedia]
 * [|Saccade from Wikipedia]
 * [|Smooth pursuit from Wikipedia]
 * [|Visual perception from Wikipedia]

Visual

 * [|Visual cortex from Wikipedia]
 * [|Visual processing from Wikipedia]
 * [|Visual search from Wikipedia]
 * [|Visual system from Wikipedia]

Vision

 * [|Vision from Wikipedia]
 * [|Computer vision from Wikipedia]
 * [|Peripheral vision from Wikipedia]
 * [|Vision span from Wikipedia]
 * [|Vision science from Wikipedia]

Misc
> feat. [|Avery Sharpe] and [|Louis Hayes] > media type="youtube" key="gcVMg2ynWYw" width="560"
 * McCoy Tyner Trio with [|Freddie Hubbard] & Joe Henderson - [|Inner Glimpse], [|Jazz Ost-West], [|Nuremberg], 1986, [|YouTube] Video

=References= =What links here?= include page="Eye Movements" component="backlinks" limit="60"
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