Electro-Mechanical

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combine [|mechanical] and [|electrical] components to implement their [|discrete] or [|digital] combinatorial logic, and along with memory, sequential logic. Components include [|switches], [|electromagnetic] [|actuators], and most commonly [|relays]. While pure computing is nowadays the domain of [|electronics], Robots, including dedicated chess playing devices, along with their [|sensors] and actuators are the domain of [|mechatronics], a design process that includes a combination of [|mechanical engineering], [|electrical engineering], [|control engineering] and [|computer engineering].
 * Electro-Mechanical Computing Machines**,

=Chess Machines= Beside the early [|mechanical] and [|electro mechanical] [|calculators] and general purpose computers, like the relais computers by Konrad Zuse, [|Howard H. Aiken], and [|George Stibitz], there were early electro-mechanical dedicated chess machines, most notably El Ajedrecista, the electro-mechanical KRK Solver by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo of 1912 and Claude Shannon's relay-based chess machine, built in 1949, to play some endings with up to six pieces. Tihamér Nemes designed an electro-mechanical mate solver in the late 40's.

El Ajedrecista
//see main article El Ajedrecista//
 * [[image:saz15Torresson.jpg width="640" link="El Ajedrecista"]] ||
 * Gonzalo Torres y Quevedo and Norbert Wiener, El Ajedrecista II ||

Nemes' Chess Machine

 * [[image:NemesChessMachine.JPG width="640" link="[Tihamér Nemes#Machine"]] ||
 * Nemes' design of a theoretical chess-machine ||

Shannon's Chess Machine
Quote of the text on the back on the photo, as given in ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4: :

aspects of playing chess at Shannon's early relay-based chess machine ||
 * [[image:2-0 and 2-1.shannon_lasker.prior_1970.102645398.NEWBORN.lg.jpg width="640" link="Claude Shannon"]] ||
 * Computer pioneer Claude Shannon and chess champion [|Edward Lasker] at MIT, ponder the computational

=See also=
 * El Ajedrecista
 * Konrad Zuse
 * Nemes' Chess Machine
 * Robots
 * Shannon's Chess Machine

=Publications=
 * Henri Vigneron (**1914**). //Les Automates//. [|La Nature], [|pdf] from [|cyberneticzoo.com], Translation by David Levy as //Robots// in David Levy, Monroe Newborn (**1982**). //All About Chess and Computers//. [|Springer], pp. 14-23, also in David Levy (ed.) (**1988**). //Computer Chess Compendium//, pp. 273-278.
 * Anonymmous (**1915**). //Torre and His Remarkable Automatic Devices//. Scientific American, [|Supplement 80, Number 2079, November 06, 1915]
 * Claude Shannon (**1938**). //[|A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits]//. [|Transactions of the AIEE], Vol. 57, No 12, Master's thesis 1940, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Tihamér Nemes (**1949**). //Chess automation//. Magyar Sakkvilág, p. 51.
 * Claude Shannon (**1950**). //A Chess-Playing Machine//. Scientific American, Vol. 182 (No. 2, February 1950), pp. 48-51. Reprinted in [|The World of Mathematics], edited by [|James R. Newman], [|Simon & Schuster, NY], Vol. 4, 1956, pp. 2124-2133. Included in Part B
 * Tihamér Nemes (**1951**). //The chessplaying machine//. (Part II of the "Mechanical Solution of Diophantic Problems"), Acta Technica, p. 215., [|Hungarian Academy of Sciences], [|Budapest]
 * [|James M. Williams] (**1978**). //[|Antique Mechanical Computers, Part 3: The Torres Chess Automation]//. BYTE, Vol. 3, No. 9
 * David Levy (**1982**). //Robots//. Translation of Henri Vigneron (**1914**). //Les Automates//. in David Levy, Monroe Newborn (**1982**). //All About Chess and Computers//. [|Springer], also in David Levy (ed.) (**1988**). //Computer Chess Compendium//, pp. 273-278. [|pdf] from [|cyberneticzoo.com]
 * [|Brian Randell] (**1982**). //From Analytical Engine to Electronic Digital Computer: The Contributions of Ludgate, Torres, and Bush//. [|Annals of the History of Computing], Vol. 4, No. 4, October 1982, [|pdf]
 * [|Alexandre Khaldi], [|James A. Elliott], [|Stoyan K. Smoukov] (**2014**). //[|Electro-mechanical actuator with muscle memory]//. [|Journal of Materials Chemistry C]

=Forum Posts=
 * [|Relay based chess computing] by Steven Edwards, CCC, May 03, 2016

=External Links= > [|Electro-mechanical computers from Wikipedia]
 * [|Electromechanics from Wikipedia]
 * [|Microelectromechanical systems from Wikipedia]
 * [|Nanoelectromechanical systems from Wikipedia]
 * [|Mechatronics from Wikipedia]
 * [|Transducer from Wikipedia]
 * [|Finite-state machine]
 * [|Turing machine from Wikipedia]

Mechanical Computers

 * [|Mechanical computer from Wikipedia]
 * [|Difference engine from Wikipedia]
 * [|Analytical Engine from Wikipedia]
 * [|Z1 (computer)]

Components
> [|Informatik - Digitaltechnik - RS-FlipFlop mit Relais] (German)
 * [|Relay from Wikipedia]
 * [|Digitaltechnik - Realisierung mit Relais], [|Hohenstaufen-Gymnasium, Kaiserslautern] (German)
 * [|Stepper motor from Wikipedia]

Early Computers

 * [|History of Computers and Computing, The birth of the modern computer, First relays computers]
 * [|Model K from Wikipedia]
 * [|Z2 (computer) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Z3 (computer) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Harvard Mark I from Wikipedia]
 * [|Harvard Mark II from Wikipedia]
 * [|Simon (computer) from Wikipedia]
 * [|ARRA (computer) from Wikipedia]

Hobby Projects

 * [|Harry Porter's Relay Computer]
 * [|Relay Computer Two]
 * [|RC-3 Relay Computer]
 * [|Zusie - My Relay Computer]
 * [|i² 8-Bit Relay Computer - Home]

=References= =What links here?= include page="Electro-Mechanical" component="backlinks" limit="40"
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