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John von Neumann classified Chess as [|two-player] [|zero-sum] [|abstract strategy] [|board game] with [|perfect information]. This page gives a brief overview on chess variants and other games, which are interesting for chess programmers due to new and innovative approaches and algorithms in search, evaluation and learning.  =Board Games=

Chess Variants

 * Antichess (Losing Chess)
 * Atomic Chess
 * Capablanca Chess
 * Chess960 or Fischer Random Chess (FRC)
 * Chinese Chess (Xiangqi)
 * Crazyhouse
 * Gothic Chess
 * Kinglet
 * Knightmate Chess
 * Losing Chess
 * Nightrider Chess
 * Seirawan Chess
 * Shatranj
 * Shogi (Japanese Chess)
 * Shuffle Chess
 * Suicide Chess (Losing Chess)
 * Xiangqi (Chinese Chess)

Abstract Board Games

 * Abalone
 * Amazons
 * Arimaa
 * Breakthrough
 * Checkers
 * Clobber
 * Connect Four
 * Connect6
 * Draughts
 * Go
 * Gomoku
 * Havannah
 * Hex
 * Lines of Action
 * Nine Men’s Morris
 * Othello
 * Renju

Mancala Games

 * Awari
 * Bao
 * Kalah

Games of Chance

 * Backgammon
 * EinStein würfelt nicht!

Without perfect information

 * Chinese Dark Chess
 * KriegSpiel
 * Phantom Go

=Card Games=
 * Bridge
 * Poker

=Single-player=
 * Sokoban
 * Nonogram

=Misc= > Game Description Language
 * General Game Playing
 * Zillions Rules Language

=See also=
 * Chess Game
 * Portable Game Notation
 * Robots
 * Tournaments

=Publications=

1913

 * Ernst Zermelo (**1913**). //Über eine Anwendung der Mengenlehre auf die Theorie des Schachspiels//. Proc. Fifth Congress Mathematicians, (Cambridge 1912), Cambridge Univ. Press 1913, 501–504. Translation: //On an Application of Set Theory to the Theory of the Game of Chess//.

1920 ...

 * Émile Borel (**1921**). //La théorie du jeu et les équations intégrales à noyau symétrique//. Comptes Rendus de Académie des Sciences, Vol. 173, pp. 1304-1308, English translation by Leonard J. Savage (**1953**). //The Theory of Play and Integral Equations with Skew Symmetric Kernels//.
 * Dénes Kőnig (**1927**). //[|Über eine Schlussweise aus dem Endlichen ins Unendliche]//. [|Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum] ([|University of Szeged])
 * John von Neumann (**1928**). //[|Zur Theorie der Gesellschaftsspiele]//, Berlin

1930 ...

 * Émile Borel, Jean Ville (**1939**). //[|Applications de la théorie des probabilités aux jeux de hasard]//. [|Gauthier-Villars] (Applications of probability theory to gambling)

1940 ...

 * Émile Borel, [|André Chéron] (**1940,1954**). //[|Théorie mathématique du bridge à la portée de tous]//. [|Gauthier-Villars] Translated by Alec Traub as //The Mathematical Theory of Bridge//. [|amazon]
 * John von Neumann, [|Oskar Morgenstern] (**1944**). //[|Theory of Games and Economic Behavior]//. [|Princeton University Press]
 * Merrill M. Flood, Leonard J. Savage (**1948**). //[|A Game Theoretic Study of the Tactics of Area Defense]//. [|RAND Corporation]
 * Claude Shannon (**1949**). //[|Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]//. [|pdf]

1950 ...

 * Harold W. Kuhn, Albert W. Tucker (eds) (**1950**). //[|Contributions to the Theory of Games I]//. [|Princeton University Press]
 * Hermann Weyl (**1950**). //Elementary Proof of a Minimax Theorem due to von Neumann//.
 * David Gale, S. Sherman (**1950**). //Solutions of Finite Two-persons Games//.
 * [|George W. Brown], John von Neumann (**1950**). //Solutions of Games by Differential Equations//.
 * David Gale, Harold W. Kuhn, Albert W. Tucker (**1950**). //On Symmetric Games//.
 * David Gale, Harold W. Kuhn, Albert W. Tucker (**1950**). //Reduction of Game Matrices//.
 * John Nash (**1950**). //[|Non-Cooperative Games]//. dissertation
 * John Nash (**1952**). //Some Games and Machines for Playing Them//. Technical Report D-1164, [|Rand Corp.]
 * Harold W. Kuhn, Albert W. Tucker (eds) (**1953**). //[|Contributions to the Theory of Games II]//. [|Princeton University Press]
 * John von Neumann (**1953**). //A Certain Zero-sum Two-person Game Equivalent to the Optimal Assignment Problem//.
 * Donald B. Gillies, John P. Mayberry, John von Neumann (**1953**). //Two Variants of Poker//.
 * David Gale and Frank Stewart (**1953**). //Infinite Games with Perfect Information//.
 * [|Lloyd Shapley] (**1953**). //A Value for n-person Games//.
 * Claude E. Shannon (**1953**). //[|Computers and Automata]//. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers Vol. 41, No. 10
 * Émile Borel, Maurice R. Fréchet, John von Neumann (**1953**). //Discussion of the Early History of the Theory of Games, with Special Reference to the Minimax Theorem//. [|Econometrica], Vol. 21, 97-127
 * Alan Turing (**1953**). //Digital Computers Applied to Games//, in [|Bertram Vivian Bowden] (editor), [|Faster Than Thought], a symposium on digital computing machines, from [|oldcomputerbooks.com]
 * Richard E. Bellman (**1954**). //On a new Iterative Algorithm for Finding the Solutions of Games and Linear Programming Problems//. Technical Report P-473, [|RAND Corporation], U. S. Air Force Project RAND, [|Santa Monica, CA]
 * Richard E. Bellman (**1957**). //The Theory of Games//. Technical Report P-1062, [|RAND Corporation], [|Santa Monica, CA]
 * Harold W. Kuhn, Albert W. Tucker (**1958**). //[|John von Neumann's work in the theory of games and mathematical economics]//. [|Bulletin American Mathematical Sociaty] Vol. 64, No. 3, [|pdf]
 * Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon (**1959**). //Report on a general problem-solving program//. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing, pp. 256-264

1960 ...

 * [|Robert Charles Bell] (**1960**). //[|Board and Table Games from Many Civilisations]//. [|Oxford University Press]
 * Melvin Dresher (**1961**). //[|Games of Strategy: Theory and Applications]//. [|Prentice Hall], [|RAND] paper as [|pdf]
 * John Maynard Smith, Donald Michie (**1961**). //Machines that play games//. [|New Scientist], Vol. 12
 * Ewald Burger (**1963**). //Introduction to the Theory of Games//. [|Prentice Hall]
 * Richard E. Bellman (**1965**). //[|On the Application of Dynamic Programming to the Determination of Optimal Play in Chess and Checkers].// Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
 * Donald Michie (**1966**). //Game Playing and Game Learning Automata.// Advances in Programming and Non-Numerical Computation, [|Leslie Fox] (ed), pp. 183-200. Oxford, Pergamon. » Includes Appendix: //Rules of SOMAC// by John Maynard Smith, introduces [|Expectiminimax tree]
 * [|Robert Charles Bell] (**1969**). //[|Board and Table Games 2 from Many Civilisations]//, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

1970 ...

 * Alex Bell (**1972**). //[|Games Playing with Computers]//. [|Allen & Unwin], ISBN-13: 978-0080212227, [|index]
 * Marc Eisenstadt, Yaakov Kareev (**1973**). //Toward a Model of Human Game Playing//. IJCAI 1973, [|pdf]
 * John H. Conway (**1976**). //[|On Numbers and Games]//. [|Academic Press]
 * Hans Berliner, Richard Greenblatt, Jacques Pitrat, Arthur Samuel, David Slate (**1977**). //Panel on Computer Game Playing//. IJCAI 1977, [|pdf]
 * Aviezri Fraenkel, Michael R. Garey, David S. Johnson, Thomas J. Schaefer, Yaacov Yesha (**1978**). //The Complexity of Checkers on an N * N Board//. [|FOCS 1978] » Checkers
 * [|Robert Charles Bell] (**1979**). //[|Board and Table Games from Many Civilisations]//, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 0-486-23855-5.

1980 ...

 * Melvin Dresher (**1981**). //The Mathematics of Games of Strategy: Theory and Applications//. [|Dover Publications], [|amazon.com]
 * Aviezri Fraenkel, [|David Lichtenstein] (**1981**). //[|Computing a Perfect Strategy for n x n Chess Requires Time Exponential in N]//. [|Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A, Vol. 31, No. 2]
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (**1982**). //[|Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays]//. Vol. 1, 1st edition, [|Academic Press],
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (**1982**). //[|Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays]//. Vol. 2, 1st edition, [|Academic Press]
 * John Maynard Smith (**1982**). //[|Evolution and the Theory of Games]//. Cambridge; New York, Cambridge University Press.
 * Robert Axelrod (**1984**). //[|The Evolution of Cooperation]//, [|pdf]
 * Georgy Adelson-Velsky, Vladimir Arlazarov, Mikhail Donskoy (**1988**). //Algorithms for Games//. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. ISBN 3-540-96629-3.
 * John Maynard Smith (**1988**). //Games, Sex, and Evolution//. New York, Harvester-Wheatsheaf.
 * Kenneth A. De Jong, Alan C. Schultz (**1988**). //Using Experience-Based Learning in Game Playing//. Proceedings of the Fifth International Machine Learning Conference, [|CiteSeerX] » Learning, Othello

1990 ...

 * Mikhail Donskoy, Jaap van den Herik, Bob Herschberg (**1990**). //Finessing in Games//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4
 * Richard K. Guy, John H. Conway, Elwyn Berlekamp, Vera Pless, Aviezri Fraenkel, Richard J. Nowakowski (**1991**). //[|Combinatorial Games]//. Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, No. 43
 * Alan Frank (**1991**). //Brute Force Search in Games of Imperfect Information//. Heuristic Programming in AI 2
 * Frank Thuijsman (**1992**). //An Introduction to the Theory of Games//. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
 * Victor Allis (**1994**). //Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence//. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Limburg, [|pdf]
 * Warren D. Smith, Kevin J. Lang (**1994**). //Values of the merging function and algorithm design as a game//. [|NEC Research Institute], [|ps]

1995 ...

 * Richard J. Nowakowski (ed) (**1996**). //[|Games of No Chance]//. [|MSRI Publications Volume 29]
 * Barney Pell, Susan L. Epstein, Robert Levinson (**1996**). //Introduction to the special issue on games: Structure and Learning//. [|Computational Intelligence, Vol. 12], No. 1, [|pdf]
 * Yoav Freund, Robert Schapire (**1996**). //Game Theory, On-line Prediction and Boosting//. [|COLT 1996], [|pdf]
 * Eric B. Baum, Warren D. Smith (**1997**). //A Bayesian Approach to Relevance in Game Playing//. [|Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 97, [|CiteSeerX]
 * Aviezri Fraenkel, Dmitri Zusman (**1998**). //[|A New Heap Game]//. CG 1998
 * Aviezri Fraenkel, Ofer Rahat (**1998**). //[|Infinite Cyclic Impartial Games]//. CG 1998
 * Uri Blass, Aviezri Fraenkel, [|Romina Guelman] (**1998**). //How Far Can Nim in Disguise be Stretched?// [|pdf]
 * Jacques Pitrat (**1998**). //Games: The Next Challenge.// ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3
 * [|Ronald S. Burt] (**1999**). //[|Private Games are too Dangerous]//. [|pdf]
 * Susan L. Epstein (**1999**). //Game Playing: The Next Moves//. AAAI-99 Proceedings, [|pdf]

2000 ...

 * Aviezri Fraenkel (**2000**). //[|Virus Versus Mankind]//. CG 2000
 * Alexander Nareyek (**2000**). //[|Review: Intelligent Agents for Computer Games]//. CG 2000
 * 2001**
 * Richard K. Guy (**2001**). //Aviezri Fraenkel and Combinatorial Games//. [|Electronic Journal of Combinatorics] 8 (2). [|pdf]
 * John H. Conway (**2001**). //[|On Numbers and Games]//. 2nd edition, [|A K Peters Ltd.]
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (**2001**). //[|Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays]//. Vol. 1, 2nd edition, [|A K Peters Ltd.]
 * 2002**
 * Richard J. Nowakowski (ed) (**2002**). //[|More Games of No Chance]//. [|Cambridge University Press]
 * Jaap van den Herik, Jos Uiterwijk, Jack van Rijswijck (**2002**). //Games Solved: Now and in the Future//. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 134, Nos.1-2, pp. 277-311. ISSN 0304-3975, [|zipped ps]
 * Jeroen Donkers, Jos Uiterwijk, Alex de Voogt (**2002**). //Mancala Games - Topics in Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics//. In Jean Retschitzki, Rosita Haddad-Zubel (eds.) (**2002**). //Step by step//. Proceedings of the 4th colloquium Board games in academia. Edition [|Universitaires Fribourg Suisse]
 * Jean Retschitzki, Rosita Haddad-Zubel (eds.) (**2002**). //Step by step//. Proceedings of the 4th colloquium Board games in academia. Edition [|Universitaires Fribourg Suisse]
 * Ingo Althöfer (**2002**). //Inventing Game Variants with Computer Help//. 7th Computer Olympiad Workshop
 * Ingo Althöfer, Raymond Georg Snatzke (**2002**). //[|Playing Games with Multiple Choice Systems]//. CG 2002
 * Michael Buro (**2002**). //[|ORTS: A Hack-Free RTS Game Environment]//. CG 2002, [|pdf]
 * Craig A. Lindley, Mirjam Eladhari (**2002**). //[|Causal Normalization: A Methodology for Coherent Story Logic Design in Computer Role-Playing Games]//. CG 2002
 * 2003**
 * Ingo Althöfer (**2003**). //Computer-Aided Game Inventing//. [|Friedrich Schiller University of Jena], [|pdf]
 * Pedro Campos, Thibault Langlois (**2003**). //[|Abalearn: a Program that Learns How to Play Abalone]//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4
 * Erik D. Demaine, Susan Hohenberger, David Liben-Nowell (**2003**). //Tetris is Hard, Even to Approximate//. [|COCOON 2003], slides as [|Tetris is Hard: An Introduction to P vs NP] (pdf)
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (**2003**). //[|Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays]//. Vol. 2, 2nd edition, [|A K Peters Ltd.]
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (**2003**). //[|Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays]//. Vol. 3, [|A K Peters Ltd.]
 * 2004**
 * Elwyn Berlekamp, John H. Conway, Richard K. Guy (**2004**). //[|Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays]//. Vol. 4, [|A K Peters Ltd.]
 * [|Ron Breukelaar], Erik D. Demaine, Susan Hohenberger, Hendrik Jan Hoogeboom, Walter Kosters, David Liben-Nowell (**2004**). //Tetris is hard, even to approximate//. [|International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications], Vol. 14
 * [|Jörg Bewersdorff] (**2004**). //[|Luck, logic and white lies: The mathematics of games]//. [|preface and contents], [|A K Peters]
 * Fernand Gobet, Alex de Voogt, Jean Retschitzki (**2004**). //[|Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games]//. ISBN 1-84169-336-7
 * Julio César Hernández-Castro, Ignacio Blasco-López, L.Javier Garcéa-Villalba (**2004**). //Hiding Data in Games//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 2
 * Ingo Althöfer (**2004**). //[|Improved game play by multiple computer hints]//. [|Theoretical Computer Science], Vol. 313, No. 3

2005 ...

 * Cameron Browne (**2005**). //[|Connection Games: Variations on a Theme].// [|A K Peters]
 * [|Paul Schuytema], Mark Manyen (**2005**). //[|Game Development With LUA]//. [|Charles River Media Game Development], [|Amazon.com]
 * I-Chen Wu, Dei-Yen Huang (**2005**). //A New Family of k-in-a-Row Games//. Advances in Computer Games 11, [|pdf]
 * 2006**
 * Alessandro Cincotti (**2006**). //[|Counting the Number of Three-Player Partizan Cold Games]//. CG 2006
 * Greg Aloupis, Jean Cardinal, Sébastien Collette, Stefan Langerman (**2006**). //[|LUMINES Strategies]//. CG 2006
 * Peter Bro Miltersen, Troels Bjerre Sørensen (**2006**). //[|Computing Proper Equilibria of Zero-Sum Games]//. CG 2006
 * Cherif R. S. Andraos, Manal M. Zaky, Salma A. Ghoneim (**2006**). //[|Comparative Study of Approximate Strategies for Playing Sum Games Based on Subgame Types]//. CG 2006
 * Aviezri Fraenkel (**2006**). //Nim is Easy, Chess is Hard – But Why??// ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4, [|pdf]
 * Robert Aubrey Hearn (**2006**). //Games, Puzzles, and Computation//. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, advisors: Erik D. Demaine, Gerald Jay Sussman, [|pdf]
 * Jill Cirasella, Danny Kopec (**2006**). //The History of Computer Games//. [|pdf]
 * Nicolò Cesa-Bianchi, Gábor Lugosi (**2006**). //[|Prediction, Learning, and Games]//. [|Cambridge University Press]
 * Michael Bowling, Johannes Fürnkranz, Thore Graepel, [|Ron Musick] (**2006**). //[|Machine learning and Games]//. [|Machine Learning], Vol. 63, No. 3
 * 2007**
 * Michael H. Albert, Richard J. Nowakowski, David Wolfe (**2007**). //[|Lessons in Play: An Introduction to Combinatorial Game Theory]//. [|A K Peters Ltd.]
 * [|Alvin E. Roth] (**2007**). //Deferred Acceptance Algorithms: History, Theory, Practice, and Open Questions//. [|International Journal of Game Theory], Special Issue in Honor of David Gale on his 85th birthday, 36, March, 2008, 537-569. [|pdf]
 * 2008**
 * [|Jeffrey Y. Kim], Jonathan P. Allen, [|Elan Lee] (**2008**). //[|Alternate reality gaming]//. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 51, No. 2
 * Cameron Browne (**2008**). //Automatic Generation and Evaluation of Recombination Games//, Doctoral Dissertation, [|Queensland University of Technology], [|pdf]
 * Brian Schwab (**2008**). //[|AI Game Engine Programming]//. Second Edition
 * Maria Cutumisu, Michael Bowling, Duane Szafron, Richard Sutton (**2008**). //Agent Learning using Action-Dependent Learning Rates in Computer Role-Playing Games//. [|Proceedings of the Fourth Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment Conference], [|pdf]
 * 2009**
 * Daniel Andersson (**2009**) //Perfect-Information Games with Cycles//. Ph.D. thesis, [|Aarhus University], advisor Peter Bro Miltersen, [|pdf]
 * [|Thomas Fischer] (**2009**). //Bridg-It – Beating Shannon’s Analog Heuristic//. [|pdf]
 * Jakob Erdmann (**2009**). //Chanciness: Towards a Characterization of Chance in Games.// ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4
 * Pim Nijssen (**2009**). //Using Intelligent Search Techniques to Play the Game Khet//. Master's Thesis, Maastricht University, [|pdf]
 * Richard J. Nowakowski (**2009**). //The History of Combinatorial Game Theory//. [|Dalhousie University], [|pdf]
 * Michael H. Albert, Richard J. Nowakowski (eds) (**2009**). //[|Games of No Chance 3]//. [|Cambridge University Press]
 * Wojciech Jaśkowski, Krzysztof Krawiec (**2009**). //[|Formal Analysis and Algorithms for Extracting Coordinate Systems of Games]//. [|CIG 2009]
 * Richard Zhao, Duane Szafron (**2009**). //Learning Character Behaviors Using Agent Modeling in Games//. [|AIIDE 2009], [|CiteSeerX]
 * Maria Cutumisu, Duane Szafron (**2009**). //An Architecture for Game Behavior AI: Behavior Multi-Queues//. [|AIIDE 2009], [|pdf]

2010 ...

 * Alessandro Cincotti (**2010**). //N-player partizan games//. [|Theoretical Compututer Science], Vol. 411, No. 34-36, [|doi]: [|10.1016/j.tcs.2010.05.018]
 * Julien Lemoine, Simon Viennot (**2010**). //[|Computer analysis of Sprouts with nimbers]//. To appear in Games of No Chance 4
 * Jakob Erdmann (**2010**). //The Characterization of Chance and Skill in Games//. Dissertation, [|Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena], [|pdf]
 * [|Robert Leonard] (**2010**). //[|Von Neumann, Morgenstern, and the Creation of Game Theory]//. From Chess to Social Science, 1900–1960
 * 2011**
 * Donald Knuth (**2011**). //[|Selected Papers on Fun and Games]//. [|CSLI lecture notes series] 192,  [|Cambridge University Press], ISBN 978-1-57586-584-3
 * Ingo Althöfer (**2011**). //On Games with Random-Turn Order and Monte Carlo Perfectness//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4
 * Xiaocong Gan, Yun Bao, Zhangang Han (**2011**). //Real-Time Search Method in Nondeterministic Game - Ms.Pac-Man//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4
 * Thorsten Ederer, Ulf Lorenz, Thomas Opfer, Jan Wolf (**2011**). //[|Modeling Games with the Help of Quantified Integer Linear Programs]//. Advances in Computer Games 13
 * 2012**
 * Jan van Rijn (**2012**). //Playing Games: The complexity of Klondike, Mahjong, Nonograms and Animal Chess//. Master's thesis, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, [|pdf]
 * Abdallah Saffidine, Tristan Cazenave (**2012**). //A General Multi-Agent Modal Logic K Framework for Game Tree Search//. ECAI CGW 2012
 * Yuichiro Sato, Alessandro Cincotti, Hiroyuki Iida (**2012**). //An Analysis of Voting Algorithm in Games//. ECAI CGW 2012
 * Gabriel Synnaeve, Pierre Bessière (**2012**). //A Bayesian Tactician//. ECAI CGW 2012
 * 2013**
 * [|Staffan Björk] (**2013**). //On The Foundations of Digital Games//. [|University of Gothenburg], [|pdf]
 * Ulf Lorenz, Thomas Opfer, Jan Wolf (**2013**). //Solution Techniques for Quantified Linear Programs and the links to Gaming//. CG 2013
 * Abdallah Saffidine (**2013**). //Solving Games and All That//. Ph.D. thesis, Université Paris-Dauphine, advisor Tristan Cazenave, [|pdf]
 * Katja Grace (**2013**). //Algorithmic Progress in Six Domains//. Technical report 2013-3, [|Machine Intelligence Research Institute], [|Berkeley, CA], [|pdf], 5 Game Playing, 5.1 Chess, 5.2 Go, 9 Machine Learning
 * Yngvi Björnsson, Stephan Schiffel (**2013**). //[|Comparison of GDL Reasoners]//. IJCAI 2013
 * [|David V. Pynadath], Paul S. Rosenbloom, [|Stacy C. Marsella], [|Lingshan Li] (**2013**). //Modeling Two-Player Games in the Sigma Graphical Cognitive Architecture//. [|AGI 2013], [|pdf]
 * 2014**
 * Hendrik Jan Hoogeboom, Walter Kosters, Jan van Rijn, Jonathan K. Vis (**2014**). //Acyclic Constraint Logic and Games//. ICGA Journal, Vol 37, No. 1
 * Ingo Althöfer, [|Roland Voigt] (**2014**). //[|Spiele, Rätsel, Zahlen]//. [|Springer Spektrum], ISBN 978-3-642-55301-1, [|Zusatzmaterial] (German)
 * David W. King (**2014**). //Complexity, Heuristic, and Search Analysis for the Games of Crossings and Epaminondas//. Masters thesis, [|Air Force Institute of Technology], [|pdf]
 * David W. King, Gilbert L. Peterson (**2014**). //Epaminondas: Exploring Combat Tactics//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3

2015 ...

 * Cameron Browne (ed.) (**2015**). //[|Game & Puzzle Design, Vol. 1, No. 1]//.
 * Michael Hartisch (**2015**). //Impact of Rounding during Retrograde Analysis for a Game with Chance Nodes: Karl’s Race as a Test Case//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2 » EinStein würfelt nicht!, Retrograde Analysis
 * Dap Hartmann (**2015**). //That PEGs the Question: Is it a Game?// (Review) ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2
 * Ingo Althöfer (**2015**). //Obituary: John Nash, A Beautiful Mind has Gone//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2 » John Nash
 * [|Philippe Uyttendaele], Frank Thuijsman (**2015**). //Evolutionary Games and Local Dynamics//. [|International Game Theory Review], Vol. 17, No. 2
 * Johannes Heinrich, Marc Lanctot, David Silver (**2015**). //Fictitious Self-Play in Extensive-Form Games//. [|JMLR: W&CP, Vol. 37], [|pdf]
 * Christian Wirth, Johannes Fürnkranz (**2015**). //[|On Learning From Game Annotations]//. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 7, No. 3
 * 2016**
 * Todd W. Neller et al. (**2016**). //Monte Carlo Approaches to Parameterized Poker Squares//. CG 2016
 * Johannes Heinrich, David Silver (**2016**). //Deep Reinforcement Learning from Self-Play in Imperfect-Information Games//. [|arXiv:1603.01121]
 * 2017**
 * Jakub Kowalski, Jakub Sutowicz, Marek Szykuła (**2017**). //Regular Boardgames//. [|arXiv:1706.02462]
 * Noah Weninger, Ryan Hayward (**2017**). //Exploring Positional Linear Go//. Advances in Computer Games 15, [|pdf]
 * Jos Uiterwijk (**2017**). //Set Matching: An Enhancement of the Hales-Jewett Pairing Strategy//. Advances in Computer Games 15, [|arXiv:1703.10678]
 * Jakub Kowalski, Jakub Sutowicz, Marek Szykuła (**2017**). //Evaluating Chess-like Games Using Generated Natural Language Descriptions//. Advances in Computer Games 15
 * Enkhbold Nyamsuren, Wim van der Vegt, Wim Westera (**2017**). //[|Automated Adaptation and Assessment in Serious Games: a Portable Tool for Supporting Learning]//. Advances in Computer Games 15
 * Keigo Kawamura, Naoki Mizukami, Yoshimasa Tsuruoka (**2017**). //Neural Fictitious Self-Play in Imperfect Information Games with Many Players//. Computer Games Workshop at IJCAI 2017, [|pdf]
 * Yasuhiko Takenaga, Yo Shimada (**2017**). //Strategies for Single-Player PuyoPuyo//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2
 * Marc Lanctot, Vinícius Flores Zambaldi, Audrunas Gruslys, Angeliki Lazaridou, Karl Tuyls, Julien Pérolat, David Silver, Thore Graepel (**2017**). //A Unified Game-Theoretic Approach to Multiagent Reinforcement Learning//. [|arXiv:1711.00832]
 * Johannes Fürnkranz (**2017**). //Machine Learning and Game Playing//. in [|Claude Sammut], [|Geoffrey I. Webb] (eds) (**2017**). //[|Encyclopedia of Machine Learning and Data Mining]//. [|Springer], [|Boston, MA]

=Forum Posts=

2005 ...

 * [|Variants and Board Size] by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, October 25, 2007» Chess Variants

2010 ...

 * [|WinBoard, exotic version] by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, January 15, 2011 » WinBoard
 * [|multi-player games thoughts] by Daniel Shawul, CCC, October 05, 2011
 * [|New chess variants] by Ferdinand Mosca, CCC, March 03, 2012 » Chess Variants
 * [|for Chess-variant authors] by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, September 17, 2014 » Chess Engine Communication Protocol, WinBoard, XBoard
 * [|XBoard and chess variants] by Evert Glebbeek, CCC, October 28, 2014
 * [|UCCI2WB] by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, October 27, 2014 » Chinese Chess (Universal Chinese Chess Interface, UCCI)
 * [|UCI protocol for chess variants] by Evert Glebbeek, CCC, October 28, 2014 » UCI

2015 ...

 * [|Something from the poker domain] by Steven Edwards, CCC, January 09, 2015
 * [|Most common chess variant?] by Stefano Gemma, CCC, April 15, 2015 » Chess Variants
 * [|Game of the Generals] by Ferdinand Mosca, CCC, April 17, 2015
 * 2016**
 * [|Grande Acedrex] by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, January 04, 2016
 * [|New chess variant] by Evert Glebbeek, CCC, June 06, 2016
 * [|Photographing Chess Clock] by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, October 10, 2016
 * 2017**
 * [|The Peace-Chess Challenge] by Harm Geert Muller, CCC, September 24, 2017 » Chess Variants
 * [|best board representation for variants (javascript) ?] by Mahmoud Uthman, CCC, December 10, 2017 » Board Representation, JavaScript
 * 2018**
 * [|A Chess variant with low draw rate] by Kai Laskos, CCC, January 19, 2018 » Chess Variants

=External Links=
 * [|Games] played at the Computer Olympiad
 * [|Game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Association for the Study of Play (TASP)]
 * [|Cameron's Games Page] by Cameron Browne

Type of Games

 * [|Abstract strategy game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Adventure game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Alternate reality game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Arcade game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Board game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Business game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Card game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Casino game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Connection game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Electronic game from Wikipedia]
 * [|First-person shooter from Wikipedia]
 * [|Gambling from Wikipedia]
 * [|Game of chance from Wikipedia]
 * [|Game of skill from Wikipedia]
 * [|German-style board game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Kriegsspiel (wargame) from Wikipedia]
 * [|List of dice games from Wikipedia]
 * [|Mancala games from Wikipedia]
 * [|Massively multiplayer online game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Massively multiplayer online role-playing game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Mathematical game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Mathematical puzzle from Wikipedia]
 * [|Mind games from Wikipedia]
 * [|Multi-armed bandit from Wikipedia]
 * [|Multiplayer video game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Online game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Paper-and-pencil game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Pinball from Wikipedia]
 * [|Puzzle from Wikipedia]
 * [|Real-time strategy from Wikipedia]
 * [|Redemption game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Role-playing game (RPG) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Role-playing video game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Shooter game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Simulation game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Simulation video game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Slot machine from Wikipedia]
 * [|Sports game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Strategy game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Strategy video game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Tabletop game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Tile-based game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Video game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Wargaming from Wikipedia]

Sport

 * [|Ancient Olympic Games from Wikipedia]
 * [|Chess boxing from Wikipedia]
 * [|Chess Olympiad from Wikipedia]
 * [|Memory sport from Wikipedia]
 * [|Mind sport from Wikipedia]
 * [|Mind Sports Organisation from Wikipedia]
 * [|Olympic Games from Wikipedia]
 * [|Sport from Wikipedia]

Cue sports

 * [|Cue sports from Wikipedia]
 * [|International Computational Billiards Championships] from [|Stanford Computational Billiards]

Robot sports

 * [|Robot competition from Wikipedia]
 * [|RoboCup from Wikipedia]

Game theory

 * [|Algorithmic game theory from Wikipedia]
 * [|Centipede game (game theory) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Combinatorial game theory from Wikipedia]
 * [|Combinatorial Game Theory] by David Eppstein
 * [|Complete information from Wikipedia]
 * [|Continuous game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cooperative game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Determinacy from Wikipedia]
 * [|Differential game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Evolutionary game theory from Wikipedia]
 * [|Evolutionarily stable strategy from Wikipedia]
 * [|Extensive-form game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Folk theorem (game theory) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Game theory from Wikipedia]
 * [|Glossary of game theory from Wikipedia]
 * [|Impartial game from Wikipedia]
 * [|List of games in game theory from Wikipedia]
 * [|Metagaming from Wikipedia]
 * [|Nash equilibrium from Wikipedia]
 * [|Non-cooperative game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Partisan game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Perfect information from Wikipedia]
 * [|Prisoner's dilemma from Wikipedia]
 * [|Pursuit-evasion from Wikipedia]
 * [|Repeated game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Self-confirming equilibrium from Wikipedia]
 * [|Sequential game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Situation awareness from Wikipedia]
 * [|Stochastic game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Strategy (game theory) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Strategic dominance from Wikipedia]
 * [|Symmetric game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Tit for tat from Wikipedia]
 * [|Unscrupulous diner's dilemma from Wikipedia]
 * [|Zero–sum game from Wikipedia]

Complexity
include page="Complexity to include"

Player

 * [|Gamer from Wikipedia]
 * [|Kibitzer from Wikipedia]
 * [|Multiplayer game from Wikipedia]
 * [|n-player game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Player (game) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Single-player video game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Two-player game from Wikipedia]

Agents

 * [|Agent-based model]
 * [|Agent (economics)]
 * [|Intelligent agent]
 * [|Multi-agent system]

Games Scholars

 * [|Robert Charles Bell from Wikipedia]
 * [|David Parlett from Wikipedia]

Ingo Althöfer
include page="Ingo Althöfer reports to include"

Game Theory
> Elwyn Berlekamp, Noam Elkies, Aviezri Fraenkel, Philip Henderson, Martin Müller et al. > Elwyn Berlekamp, Tristan Cazenave, Aviezri Fraenkel, Martin Müller et al.
 * [|Combinatorial Game Theory 2008], [|Banff International Research Station], [|richmlow - Picasa]
 * [|Combinatorial Game Theory 2011], [|Banff International Research Station]

Organizations

 * [|International Abstract Games Organization]
 * [|International Computer Games Association] » ICGA
 * [|International Game Developers Association (IGDA)] » François-Dominic Laramée
 * [|Elliott Avedon Virtual Museum of Games], University of Waterloo

Online

 * [|Little Golem - online board games] by [|Richard Malaschitz]
 * [|Little Golem - FAQ] by [|Edward D. Collins]

Blogs

 * [|Designing The Best Board Game On The Planet | FiveThirtyEight] by [|Oliver Roeder], December 31, 2014
 * [|The Worst Board Games Ever Invented | FiveThirtyEight] by [|Oliver Roeder], January 08, 2015
 * [|Computers Are Learning How To Treat Cancer And Diabetes By Playing Poker And Atari | FiveThirtyEight] by [|Oliver Roeder], January 20, 2015

Misc
> [|DAWN 11/15 A game of strategy for two players, on the current asteroid mission of NASA] by Ingo Althöfer > > featuring Stanley Clarke,  Flora Purim, Airto Moreira, and [|Joe Farell] > media type="youtube" key="ZyqyROM6Shw" > media type="custom" key="24396902"
 * [|AITopics / More Games]
 * [|Solved game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Logic and Games (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]
 * [|Game Theory - The Mathematics of Strategy] by [|Erica Klarreich]
 * [|The Chess and Games Library] by [|Jean-Louis Cazaux]
 * [|Cameron's Games Page] by Cameron Browne
 * [|Digenetics - the Evolution Has Begun]
 * [|Torus Games] - players who master the games on the [|Torus] may move on to try them on the more challenging [|Klein bottle]
 * [|BoardGameGeek from Wikipedia]
 * [|The Big Game Hunter | Games old and new — the history, the products, the companies and the people involved with board games, card games, skill & action games and parlor games]
 * [|Conway's Game of Life]
 * [|3-Hirn-Verlag] by Ingo Althöfer, Games, Books and Software (German)
 * [|Hans Magnus Enzensberger] (**1997**). [|The Number Devil] (German: Der Zahlenteufel)
 * Chick Corea - What Game Shall We Play Today, [|Return To Forever] debut album of Return to Forever, 1972, [|YouTube] Video
 * Casiopea vs. The Square - Eccentric Games, [|YouTube] Video

=References=
 * Up one Level**