Cognition

the [|mental] process of knowing, including [|attention], remembering, [|reasoning], [|understanding], [|intuition], [|awareness], and [|perception]. Cognition is studied in [|cognitive science] and various disciplines such as [|linguistics], [|neuroscience], psychology, [|philosophy], [|anthropology] and artificial intelligence. [|Cognitive psychology], coined by [|Ulric Neisser] in 1967, is the study of how people or [|intelligent agents] perceive, [|recall], learn, [|think], [|speak], and [|solve problems]. || toc =Cognition in Chess= In 1946, Adriaan de Groot conducted a number of ground-breaking experiments in the cognitive processes that occur in the brains of strong chess players, and defined four stages of the thought process. [|Perception] in Chess was researched by Herbert Simon, William Chase, Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig, Simona Tancig, Fernand Gobet, Peter Jansen and others, related to chess and computer chess, and how computer chess programmers may adopt techniques from human [|thought] processes.
 * Home * Knowledge * Cognition**
 * [[image:480px-Cognitive_Science_Hexagon.svg.png width="336" height="336" link="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cognitive_Science_Hexagon.svg&page=1"]] ||~  || **Cognition**,
 * Fields of cognitive science ||~  ||^   ||

Perception
> Perception - Video by [|Daniel Simons] and Christopher Chabris featuring [|Patrick Wolff]
 * Chess experiments by Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig and Simona Tancig
 * Chess experiments by Pertti Saariluoma
 * Chess experiments by Tei Laine and Pertti Saariluoma
 * Eye Movements
 * Perception by William Chase and Herbert Simon
 * WCCC 1986 Video with Adriaan de Groot, experiments by Dieter Steinwender and Frederic Friedel featuring [|András Adorján] et al.

Programs

 * CHUMP
 * MAPP
 * Perceiver

=See also=
 * Artificial Intelligence
 * CHREST
 * Chunking
 * Computers, Chess, and Cognition
 * EPAM
 * Learning
 * Memory
 * Neural Networks
 * Oracle
 * Pattern Recognition
 * Psychology
 * Robots

=Publications=

1890 ...

 * [|Alfred Binet] (**1893**). //Les grandes Mémoires: Résumé d'une enquête sur les joueurs d'échecs//. [Mnemonic virtuosity: A study of chess players.] [|Revue des Deux Mondes], Vol. 117. pp 826-859
 * [|Alfred Binet] (**1894**). //[|Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joiers d'échecs]//. [|Hachette]

1920 ...

 * I.N. Djakov (**1926**). //Psihologia Shakhmatnoi Igry//. (Chess psychology) edited by N.B. Petrovskij and P.A. Rudik, Moscow: Avtorov
 * I.N. Djakov (**1927**). //[|Psychologie des Schachspiels]//. [|Walter de Gruyter], [|Berlin] & [|Leipzig], reprinted 2001 Bigli-Press, [|amazon]

1940 ...

 * [|Walter Pitts] (**1942**). //[|Some observations on the simple neuron circuit]//. [|Bulletin of Mathematical Biology], Vol. 4, No. 3
 * [|Warren S. McCulloch], [|Walter Pitts] (**1943**). //[|A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity]//. [|Bulletin of Mathematical Biology], Vol. 5, No. 1, [|pdf]
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1946**). //Het denken van den Schaker, een experimenteel-psychologische studie.// Ph.D. thesis, [|University of Amsterdam]; N.V. Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij, [|Amsterdam]. Translated with the help of George Baylor, with additions, (in **1965**) as //Thought and Choice in Chess//. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. ISBN 90-279-7914-6.
 * [|Donald O. Hebb] (**1949**). //[|The Organization of Behavior]//. [|Wiley & Sons]

1950 ...
> Claude Shannon, John McCarthy (eds.) (**1956**). //Automata Studies//. [|Annals of Mathematics Studies], No. 34 > Claude Shannon, John McCarthy (eds.) (**1956**). //Automata Studies//. [|Annals of Mathematics Studies], No. 34, [|pdf]
 * Stephen C. Kleene (**1951**) //Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata//. RM-704, [|RAND paper], [|pdf], reprinted in
 * Marvin Minsky (**1954**). //Neural Nets and the Brain Model Problem//. Ph.D. dissertation, [|Princeton University]
 * [|George Armitage Miller] (**1956**). //[|The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two]//. [|Psychological Review], Vol. 101, No. 2, [|pdf]
 * John von Neumann (**1956**). //Probabilistic Logic and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms From Unreliable Components//. in
 * [|Frank Rosenblatt] (**1957**). //The Perceptron - a Perceiving and Recognizing Automaton//. Report 85-460-1, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory
 * Noam Chomsky (**1957**). //[|Syntactic Structures]//. [|Mouton & Co.]
 * John von Neumann (**1958, 2000**). //[|The Computer and the Brain]//. [|Second Edition] from [|amazon.com]
 * Edward Feigenbaum (**1959**). //[|An Information Processing Theory of Verbal Learning]//. [|RAND Paper] » EPAM

1960 ...

 * Edward Feigenbaum (**1960**). //Information Theories of Human Verbal Learning//. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, advisor Herbert Simon
 * Edward Feigenbaum (**1961**). //[|The Simulation of Verbal Learning Behavior]//. Proceedings Western Joint Conference, Vol. 19
 * Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (**1961**). //Performance of a Reading Task by an Elementary Perceiving and Memorizing Program//. [|RAND Paper], [|pdf]
 * [|Frank Rosenblatt] (**1962**). //[|Principles of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms]//. Spartan Books
 * [|Ulric Neisser] (**1963**). //[|The Imitation of Man by Machine]//. [|Science], Vol. 139
 * Herbert Simon, Edward Feigenbaum (**1964**). //An Information-processing Theory of Some Effects of Similarity, Familiarization, and Meaningfulness in Verbal Learning//. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, Vol. 3, No. 5, [|pdf]
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1965, 1978**). //Thought and Choice in Chess//. Mouton & Co Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-279-7914-6, [|amazon], [|google]
 * Walter R. Reitman (**1965**). //[|Cognition and Thought: an information processing approach]//. [|John Wiley & Sons]
 * Oleg K. Tichomirov, E. D. Poznyanskaya (**1966**). //[|An Investigation of Visual Search as a Means of Analyzing Heuristics]//. Soviet Psychology, Winter 1966-67 (from [|Voprosy Psikhologii], 1966, 2, 4)
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1966**). //Perception and Memory versus Thought: Some Old Ideas and Recent Findings//. Problem Solving: Research, Method, and Theory (ed. B. Kleinmuntz), pp. 19-50. John Wiley, New York.
 * [|Ulric Neisser] (**1967**). //Cognitive Psychology//. [|Appleton-Century-Crofts], New York
 * Adriaan de Groot, Walter R. Reitman (eds.) (**1966**). //Heuristic Processes in Thinking//. International Congress of Psychology, [|Nauka], [|Moscow]
 * Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (**1968**). //Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions//. Carnegie Mellon University, Paper #127
 * Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (**1969**). //[|Information Processing-Analysis of Perceptual Processes in Problem Solving]//. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5, reprinted in Herbert A. Simon (**1979**). //[|Models of Thought]//. [|Yale University Press], [|pdf]
 * [|Saul Sternberg] (**1969**). //Memory-scanning: Mental Processes revealed by Reaction-time Experiments//. [|American Scientist], Vol. 57, No. 4, [|pdf]

1970 ...

 * Albert Zobrist (**1970**). //A Pattern Recognition Program which uses a Geometry-Preserving Representation of Features//. Technical Report #85, [|pdf]
 * Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (**1972**). //Human Problem Solving//. [|Prentice-Hall]
 * [|Peter Wason] (**1972**). //The Psychology of Chess//. [|New Scientist], July 1972, [|google books]
 * Herbert Simon (**1973**). //Lessons from Perception for Chess-Playing Programs (and Vice Versa)//. Computer Science Research Review 1972-72, [|pdf]
 * William Chase, Herbert Simon (**1973**). //[|The Mind’s Eye in Chess]//. Visual Information Processing: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Carnegie Psychology Symposium (ed. W. G. Chase), pp. 215-281. Academic Press, New York. Reprinted (**1988**) in Readings in Cognitive Science (ed. A.M. Collins). Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA.
 * William Chase, Herbert Simon (**1973**). //[|Perception in chess]//. [|Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 4, No. 1, [|pdf]
 * Herbert Simon, William Chase (**1973**). //Skill in Chess//. [|American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, Reprinted (**1988**) in Computer Chess Compendium, [|pdf]
 * Herbert Simon, Kevin J. Gilmartin (**1973**). //A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions//. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5 » MAPP
 * Alan H. Bond (**1973**). //Psychology and Computer Chess//. in //Computer Chess// edited by Alex Bell
 * Marc Eisenstadt, Yaakov Kareev (**1973**). //Toward a Model of Human Game Playing//. IJCAI 1973, [|pdf]
 * Herbert Simon (**1974**). //How big is a chunk//? [|Science], Vol. 183, [|pdf]

1975 ...

 * Ruslan Hajiev (**1975**). //[|Experimental Studies of Human Decision-Making and its Simulation by Situation Control Technique.]//. (on the basis of a chess endgame). [|IJCAI 1975], [|Tbilisi], Georgia, USSR, [|pdf]
 * Peter W. Frey, Peter Adesman (**1976**). //[|Recall Memory for Visually Presented Chess Positions]//. [|Memory & Cognition], Vol. 4, No. 5, 541-547
 * Neil Charness (**1976**). //[|Memory for Chess Positions: Resistance to Interference]//. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 641-653 » MAPP
 * Judith S. Reitman (**1976**). //Skilled Perception in Go: Deducing Memory Structures from Inter-Response Times//. [|Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 8, [|pdf]
 * Neil Charness (**1977**). //Human Chess Skill//. Chess Skill in Man and Machine
 * Russell M. Church, Kenneth W. Church (**1977**). //Plans, Goals, and Search Strategies for the Selection of a Move in Chess//. Chess Skill in Man and Machine
 * Eliot Hearst (**1977**). //Man and Machine: Chess Achievements and Chess Thinking//. Chess Skill in Man and Machine
 * Jürg Nievergelt (**1977**). //Information content of chess positions.// ACM SIGART Newsletter 62, pp. 13-14. Reprinted as: //Information content of chess positions: Implications for game-specific knowledge of chess players//, pp. 283-289. [|Machine Intelligence 12] (eds. Jean Hayes Michie, Donald Michie, [|E. Tyugu]). Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991. ISBN 0-19-853823-5.
 * Sarah E. Goldin (**1978**). //Chess: Contributions to the Understanding of Human Cognition//. [|pdf] hosted by [|US Chess Trust]
 * Sarah E. Goldin (**1978**). //[|Effects of orienting tasks on recognition of chess positions]//. [|American Journal of Psychology], Vol. 91, No. 4, pp. 659-671
 * Sarah E. Goldin (**1978**). //[|Memory for the ordinary: Typicality effects in chess memory]//. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 605-616
 * Sarah E. Goldin (**1979**). //[|Recognition memory for chess positions: Some preliminary research]//. [|American Journal of Psychology], Vol 92, No. 1, pp. 19-32
 * Herbert A. Simon (**1979**). //[|Models of Thought]//. [|Yale University Press]

1980 ...

 * Herbert Simon (**1980**). //Cognitive Science: The Newest Science of the Artificial//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 4, No. 1
 * Marvin Minsky (**1980**). //K-Lines: A Theory of Memory//. Cognitive Science 4, 117-133, [|pdf]
 * Matjaž Gams (**1981**). //Reasoning in Electric Circuits//. M.Sc. Thesis
 * Robert I. Reynolds (**1982**). //[|Search Heuristics of Chess Players of Different Calibers]//. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 95, No. 3, pp. 373-392
 * Dennis H. Holding, Robert I. Reynolds (**1982**). //[|Recall or Evaluation of Chess Positions as Determinants of Chess Skill]//. [|Memory & Cognition], Vol. 10, No. 3, 237-242
 * Murray Campbell, Hans Berliner (**1983**). //A Chess Program That Chunks//. AAAI 1983 49-53, [|pdf]
 * Hans Berliner, Murray Campbell (**1984**). //[|Using Chunking to Solve Chess Pawn Endgames]//. [|Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 97-120. ISSN 0004-3702
 * [|Lawrence W. Barsalou], [|Gordon H. Bower] (**1984**). //[|Discrimination Nets as Psychological Models]//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 8, No. 1
 * Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (**1984**). //[|EPAMlike models of recognition and learning]//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 8, 305-336, [|pdf]
 * Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig, Simona Tancig (**1984**). //Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2 (abridged version)
 * Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig, Simona Tancig (**1984,1986**). //Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess//. Advances in Computer Chess 4 (full paper)
 * [|William Hartston], [|Pete Wason] (**1984**). //The Psychology of Chess//. Facts on File. [|amazon]
 * Pertti Saariluoma (**1984**). //Coding problem spaces in chess: A Psychological study//. Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium 23/1984, [|amazon]
 * John E. Laird, Paul S. Rosenbloom, Allen Newell (**1984**). //Towards Chunking as a General Learning Mechanism//. AAAI 1984

1985

 * Dennis H. Holding (**1985**). //The Psychology of Chess Skill//. Psychology Press
 * Danny Kopec, Monroe Newborn, Winston Yu (**1986**). //Experiments in Chess Cognition.// Advances in Computer Chess 4, [|pdf]
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1986**). //Intuition in Chess//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2
 * Peter W. Frey (**1986**). //Fuzzy Production Rules in Chess//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4
 * [|Subhash Kak] (**1987**). //Patanjali and Cognitive Science//. [|Vitasta Publishing]
 * John E. Laird, Allen Newell, Paul S. Rosenbloom (**1987**). //SOAR: An Architecture for General Intelligence//. [|Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 33, No. 1 » Soar
 * Murray Campbell (**1988**). //Chunking as an Abstraction Mechanism//. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University
 * Herbert Simon (**1988**). //Prospects for Cognitive Science//. [|FGCS 1988]
 * [|Robert C. Berger] (**1989**). //Cognitive Organization in Chess: Beyond Chunking//. Master's Thesis [|Rice University], [|pdf]

1990 ...

 * Allen Newell (**1990**). //[|Unified Theories of Cognition]//. [|Harvard University Press]
 * Pertti Saariluoma (**1990**). //[|Chess players' search for task relevant cues: Are chunks relevant?]// In: David Brogan: Visual search. pp. 115-121
 * Michael George, Jonathan Schaeffer (**1990**). //[|Chunking for Experience]//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3
 * Michael George, Jonathan Schaeffer (**1991**). //Chunking for Experience//. Advances in Computer Chess 6
 * Dennis H. Holding (**1992**). //Theories of Chess Skill//. Psychological Research, Vol. 54, No. 1
 * Neil Charness (**1992**). //[|The Impact of Chess Research on Cognitive Science]//. Psychological Research, Vol. 54, No. 1
 * Paul S. Rosenbloom, John E. Laird (**1993**). //On Unified Theories of Cognition: A Response to the Reviews//. [|Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 59, Nos. 1-2, [|pdf]
 * Fernand Gobet (**1993**). //[|A Computer Model of Chess Memory].// Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
 * Paul S. Rosenbloom, John E. Laird, Allen Newell (**1993**). //The SOAR Papers: Research on Integrated Intelligence//. [|MIT Press], [|amazon] » Soar
 * Fernand Gobet, Peter Jansen (**1994**). //[|Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory].// Advances in Computer Chess 7 » CHUMP
 * [|Steven P. Abney] (**1994**). //Parsing By Chunks//. Bell Communications Research, [|pdf]

1995 ...

 * Pertti Saariluoma (**1995**). //Chess players' thinking//. Routledge. [|amazon]
 * 1996**
 * Adriaan de Groot, Fernand Gobet (**1996**). //[|Perception and memory in chess]. Heuristics of the professional eye.// Assen: Van Gorcum, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-232-2949-5. Chapter 9; A discussion: Two authors, two different views? [|word reprint]
 * Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (**1996**). //Templates in Chess Memory: A Mechanism for Recalling Several Boards.// Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 31, pp. 1-40.
 * Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (**1996**). //Recall of random and distorted positions: Implications for the theory of expertise.// Memory & Cognition, 24, 493-503.
 * Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (**1996**). //Recall of rapidly presented random chess positions is a function of skill.// Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 159-163, [|word reprint]
 * [|Mark E. Glickman], Christopher Chabris (**1996**). //Using Chess Ratings as Data in Psychological Research//. [|pdf]
 * 1997**
 * Santos Gerardo Lazzeri, Rachelle Heller (**1997**). //Application of Fuzzy Logic and Case-Based Reasoning to the Generation of High-Level Advice in Chess//. Advances in Computer Chess 8
 * 1998**
 * Fernand Gobet (**1998**). //Chess players’ thinking revisited.// Swiss Journal of Psychology, 57, 18-32.
 * Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (**1998**). //Expert chess memory: Revisiting the chunking hypothesis.// Memory, 6, 225-255
 * Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (**1998**). //Pattern recognition makes search possible: Comments on Holding (1992)//. Psychological Research, Vol. 61, [|pdf]
 * Franz-Günter Winkler (**1998**). //Spacetime Holism - A Fundamental Approach to the Representation Problem in Cognitive Science//. Dissertation, Vienna University of Technology, [|pdf]
 * 1999**
 * Fernand Gobet (**1999**). //[|De Groot, A.D. The Father of Chess Psychology]//, [|New In Chess Magazine] 1999/8, page 84
 * Robert W. Howard (**1999**). //[|Preliminary Real-World Evidence That Average Human Intelligence Really is Rising]//. [|Intelligence], Vol. 27, No. 3
 * [|Robert A. Wilson], [|Frank C. Keil] (eds.) (**1999,2001**). //[|The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS)]//. [|The MIT Press], [|amazon]
 * Richard S. Schultetus, Neil Charness (**1999**). //Recall vs. position evaluation revisited: The importance of position-specific memory in chess skill//. [|American Journal of Psychology], Vol. 112, No. 4, 555-569.

2000 ...

 * Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (**2000**). //[|Five Seconds or Sixty? Presentation Time in Expert Memory]//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 24, No. 4
 * Jay Burmeister (**2000**). //Studies in Human and Computer Go: Assessing the Game of Go as a Research Domain for Cognitive Science//. Ph.D. thesis, School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering and School of Psychology, [|The University of Queensland], [|Australia], [|pdf]
 * Jaap van den Herik (**2000**). //[|From Cognition to Perception]//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4
 * 2001**
 * Neil Charness, Eyal Reingold, et al. (**2001**). //The perceptual aspect of skilled performance in chess: Evidence from eye movements//. Memory & Cognition, Vol. 29, 1146-1152, [|pdf]
 * Pertti Saariluoma, Tei Laine (**2001**). //[|Novice construction of chess memory]//. [|Scandinavian Journal of Psychology], Vol. 42, No. 2
 * Eyal Reingold, Neil Charness, Richard S. Schultetus, et al. (**2001**). //[|Perceptual automaticity in expert chess players: Parallel encoding of chess relations]//. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, 504-510, [|pdf]
 * Pertti Saariluoma (**2001**). //Chess and content-oriented psychology of thinking//. Psicológica, 22, 143-164, [|pdf]
 * 2002**
 * Fernand Gobet, Guillermo Campitelli (**2002**). //Intelligence and Chess//. In Jean Retschitzki, Rosita Haddad-Zubel (eds.) (**2002**). //Step by step//. Proceedings of the 4th colloquium Board games in academia. Edition [|Universitaires Fribourg Suisse]
 * Fernand Gobet, Guillermo Campitelli, [|Andrew J. Waters] (**2002**). //Rise of human intelligence Comments on Howard (1999)//. [|Intelligence], Vol. 30
 * 2003**
 * [|George Armitage Miller] (**2003**). //The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective//. [|TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences], Vol.7, No.3, [|pdf]
 * Guillermo Campitelli (**2003**). //Cognitive and neuronal bases of expertise//. Ph. D. thesis, [|University of Nottingham], United Kingdom
 * Christopher Chabris, Eliot Hearst (**2003**). //Mentalizing, Pattern Recognition and Forward Search: Effects of Playing Speed and Sight of the Position on Grandmaster Chess Errors//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 27
 * 2004**
 * Fernand Gobet, Alex de Voogt, Jean Retschitzki (**2004**). //[|Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games]//. ISBN 1-84169-336-7
 * Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet (**2004**). //Adaptive Expert Decision making: Skilled Chess Players Search More and Deeper.// ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 4, [|pdf]

2005 ...

 * Dharshan Kumaran, [|Eleanor A. Maguire] (**2005**). //[|The Human Hippocampus: Cognitive Maps or Relational Memory]?// [|Journal of Neuroscience]], Vol. 25, No. 31
 * Fernand Gobet, Peter Jansen (**2005**). //Training in Chess: A Scientific Approach//. [|pdf]
 * Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet, Amanda Parker (**2005**). //Structure and Stimulus Familiarity: A Study of Memory in Chess-Players with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.// The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 2
 * Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet (**2005**). //[|The mind's eye in blindfold chess]//. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol. 17, 23-45
 * Alexandre Linhares (**2005**). //[|An Active Symbols Theory of Chess Intuition]//. [|Minds and Machines], Vol. 15, No. 2
 * [|Han L.J. van der Maas], [|Eric-Jan Wagenmakers] (**2005**). //A psychometric analysis of chess expertise//. University of Amsterdam, [|pdf]
 * Neil Charness, Eyal Reingold, et al. (**2005**). //The Role of Deliberate Practice in Chess Expertise//. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 19, 151-165, [|pdf]
 * Eyal Reingold, Neil Charness (**2005**). //Perception in chess: Evidence from eye movements//. Cognitive processes in eye guidance. [|Oxford University Press], [|pdf]
 * 2006**
 * Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (**2006**). //Does chess need intelligence? A study with young chess players.// Intelligence, 35, 457-470, [|pdf]
 * Takeshi Ito, Hitoshi Matsubara, Reijer Grimbergen (**2006**). //[|Chunking in Shogi: New Findings]//. Advances in Computer Games 11
 * 2007**
 * Alexandre Linhares, Paulo Brum (**2007**). //[|Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play]//. Cognitive Science, 31, [|pdf]
 * Merim Bilalić, Fernand Gobet (**2007**). //They do what they are told to do: The influence of instruction on (chess) expert perception - Commentary on Linhares and Brum (2007).// Cognitive Science. [|pdf]
 * Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet (**2007**). //The role of practice in chess: A longitudinal study.//
 * Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet, [|Kay Head], [|Mark Buckley], Amanda Parker (**2007**). //Brain localisation of memory chunks in chessplayers.// International Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 1641-1659.
 * Fernand Gobet (**2007**). //Chunk hierarchies and retrieval structures: Comments on Saariluoma and Laine. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42//. [|pdf]
 * 2008**
 * Fernand Gobet (**2008**). //[|The role of deliberate practice in expertise: Necessary but not sufficient]//. [|Cognitive Science Society]
 * Fernand Gobet, Philippe Chassy (**2008**). //Season of birth and chess expertise//. [|Journal of Biosocial Science], Vol. 40, No. 2, [|pdf]
 * Eliot Hearst, [|John Knott] (**2008**). //Blindfold Chess: history, psychology, techniques, champions, world records and important games//. McFarland & Company, [|amazon.com]
 * Andrew Cook (**2008**). //Chunk Learning and Move Prompting: Making Moves in Chess//. Technical Report CSR-08-12, [|University of Birmingham]
 * Dharshan Kumaran (**2008**). //Short-Term Memory and The Human Hippocampus//. [|Journal of Neuroscience], Vol. 28, No. 15, [|pdf]
 * 2009**
 * Alexandre Linhares, Paulo Brum (**2009**). //[|How Can Experts See the Invisible? Reply to Bilalic and Gobet]//. Cognitive Science, Vol 33, No. 5
 * Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet (**2009**). //[|Handedness, practice and talent in chess]// from ChessBase News, January 15, 2009
 * Fernand Gobet, Philippe Chassy (**2009**). //Expertise and Intuition: A Tale of Three Theories//. [|Minds and Machines], Vol. 19, No. 2
 * Diego Rasskin-Gutman (**2009**). //[|Chess Metaphors - Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind]//. translated by [|Deborah Klosky], [|MIT Press]
 * Jana Krivec, Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (**2009**). //Identification and Characteristic Descriptions of Procedural Chunks//. ComputationWorld conference: Cognitive 2009. [|pdf]
 * Demis Hassabis (**2009**). //The Neural Processes Underpinning Episodic Memory//. Ph.D. thesis, [|University College London], Supervisor [|Eleanor A. Maguire], [|pdf]
 * Demis Hassabis, [|Eleanor A. Maguire] (**2009**). //[|The construction system of the brain]//. [|Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society] B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 364, No. 1521

2010 ...

 * [|Francis Mechner] (**2010**). //Chess as a behavioral model for cognitive skill research: Review of Blindfold Chess by Eliot Hearst and John Knott//. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 373-386, [|pdf]
 * Alexandre Linhares, Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas (**2010**). //[|Questioning Chase and Simon's (1973) “Perception in chess”: The “experience recognition” hypothesis]//. [|New Ideas in Psychology], Vol. 28, No. 1
 * 2011**
 * Peter Lane, Fernand Gobet (**2011**). //[|Perception in chess and beyond: Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010)]//. [|New Ideas in Psychology], Vol. 29, No. 2
 * Fernand Gobet, Philippe Chassy, Merim Bilalić (**2011**). //Foundations of Cognitive Psychology//. [|McGraw Hill] » [|amazon.com]
 * Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (**2011**). //[|Expert and “novice” problem solving strategies in chess: Sixty years of citing de Groot (1946)]//. Thinking and Reasoning, Vol. 14, No. 4
 * [|Michael H. Connors], [|Bruce D. Burns], Guillermo Campitelli (**2011**). //[|Expertise in complex decision making: the role of search in chess 70 years after de Groot]//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 35, No. 8
 * 2012**
 * Neil Charness (**2012**). //[|Patterns of theorizing about chess skill - Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010) and Lane and Gobet (2011)]//. [|New Ideas in Psychology], Vol. 30, No. 3
 * Alexandre Linhares, Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas, [|Alexandre Mendes], [|Jarbas S. Silva] (**2012**). //[|Entanglement of perception and reasoning in the combinatorial game of chess: Differential errors of strategic reconstruction]//. [|Cognitive Systems Research, Vol. 13], No 1, 72-86
 * Azlan Iqbal, Harold van der Heijden, Matej Guid, Ali Makhmali (**2012**). //[|Evaluating the Aesthetics of Endgame Studies: A Computational Model of Human Aesthetic Perception]//. [|IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 4, No. 3]
 * Xujun Duan, Wei Liao, Dongmei Liang, Lihua Qiu, Qing Gao, Chengyi Liu, Qiyong Gong, Huafu Chen (**2012**). //[|Large-Scale brain networks in board game experts: Insights from a domain-related task and task-free resting state]//. [|PLoS One]
 * Xujun Duan, Sheng He, Wei Liao, Dongmei Liang, Lihua Qiu, Luqing Wei, Yuan Li, Chengyi Liu, Qiyong Gong, Huafu Chen (**2012**). //[|Reduced caudate volume and enhanced striatal-DMN integration in chess experts].// [|NeuroImage], Vol. 60, No. 2
 * 2013**
 * Paul S. Rosenbloom (**2013**). //The Sigma Cognitive Architecture and System//. [|AISB 2013], [|pdf]
 * [|David V. Pynadath], Paul S. Rosenbloom, [|Stacy C. Marsella], [|Lingshan Li] (**2013**). //Modeling Two-Player Games in the Sigma Graphical Cognitive Architecture//. [|AGI 2013], [|pdf]
 * 2014**
 * Xujun Duan, Zhiliang Long, Huafu Chen, Dongmei Liang, Lihua Qiu, Xiaoqi Huang, Timon Cheng-Yi Liu, Qiyong Gong (**2014**). //[|Functional organization of intrinsic connectivity networks in Chinese-chess experts]//. [|Brain Research], Vol. 1558

2015 ...

 * Joel Z. Leibo, [|Julien Cornebise], [|Sergio Gómez], Demis Hassabis (**2015**). //Approximate Hubel-Wiesel Modules and the Data Structures of Neural Computation//. [|arXiv:1512.08457]
 * Takeshi Ito, Daisuke Takano (**2015**). //Changes in Cognitive Processes and Brain Activity//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4 » Shogi
 * 2016**
 * Dharshan Kumaran, Demis Hassabis, James L. McClelland (**2016**). //What learning systems do intelligent agents need? Complementary Learning Systems Theory Updated//. [|Trends in Cognitive Sciences], Vol. 20, No. 7, [|pdf]

=Forum Posts=
 * [|Cognitive Psychology and Chess Skill] by John Rummel, rgc, June 07, 1994 » Playing Strength

=External Links=

Cognition
> [|Default mode network] > [|Large-scale brain network theory] > [|Adaptive expertise from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cognition from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cognition - Wikiversity]
 * [|Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience - Wikibooks]
 * [|cognition - definition of cognition by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia]
 * [|Cognitive bias from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cognitive closure (philosophy) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cognitive linguistics from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cognitive model from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cognitive Neuropsychology from Scholarpedia]
 * [|Cognitive network from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cognitive psychology from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cognitive psychology from Scholarpedia]
 * [|Cognitive science from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cognitivism (psychology) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Chunking (psychology) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Embodied cognition from Wikipedia]
 * [|Expert from Wikipedia]
 * [|Fuzzy-trace theory from Wikipedia]
 * [|Illusory superiority from Wikipedia]
 * [|Memory span from Wikipedia]
 * [|Mission: Cognition] by [|Jim Thomas]
 * [|Numerical cognition from Wikipedia]
 * [|Perception from Wikipedia]
 * [|Perceptual psychology from Wikipedia]
 * [|Working memory from Wikipedia]

Cognitive Architectures

 * [|Cognitive architecture from Wikipedia]
 * [|Comparison of cognitive architectures from Wikipedia]
 * [|CHREST from Wikipedia] » CHREST
 * [|EPAM from Wikipedia] » EPAM
 * [|Sigma]
 * [|Soar (cognitive architecture) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Soar Home - Soar Cognitive Architecture]

Chess
> [|Expertise in Memory - Chunking Theory] > [|Expertise in Memory - Evidence for Chunking Theory] > [|Expertise in Memory - Chess Expertise] > [|Expertise in Memory - Chess Expertise - History: Building up the literature]
 * [|Chess Memory] by Bill Jordan
 * [|A brief survey of psychological studies of chess] Copyright © 2001 Mark Jeays
 * [|Software Carpentry:Style (Version 1107) - Seven Plus or Minus, The Mind's Eye] © 2005-06 [|Python Software Foundation]
 * [|Expertise in Memory - A Guide To Expertise], © Copyright Victor Long, Chandra Singh, and David Snitkof, 2005
 * [|The Cognitive Cost Of Expertise | Wired Science | Wired.com] by [|Jonah Lehrer], November 19, 2010
 * [|The problem with EXPERTISE] by [|Kevin Spraggett], November 26, 2010
 * [|The Invisible Gorilla | How experts recall chess positions] by [|Daniel Simons], February 15, 2012
 * [|Psychology: The Heart of Chess] by Maria Juliana Leone and Mariano Sigman, ChessBase News, December 10, 2012

Misc
> media type="custom" key="24773516"
 * Urszula Dudziak - Wordless Vocalizing, [|YouTube] Video

=References= =What links here?= include component="backlinks" page="Cognition" limit="160"
 * Up one Level**