M-20

was a Soviet digital general purpose [|mainframe computer] developed at the [|Institute of Precise Mechanics and Computer Engineering], and manufactured from 1958 to 1964 at [|Kazan] [|Plant] of Computing Machines. Chief designer was [|Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev], who already created the first Soviet computer, the [|MESM] in 1950, and further the [|BESM-1 and 2]. Chief developer assistants were M.K. Soulim and Mikhail R. Shura-Bura et al. .  || toc =Architecture= The M-20 was a single-processor computer with several original architectural solutions implemented, like overlapping execution aka [|pipeline processing], accelerated [|addition] and [|multiplying] operations due to improved [|carry] circuits, introducing the [|"rough" carry chain] in addition to [|fly-through carry], and multiplying a factor by two bits at a time. M-20 used 45-bit binary [|floating point] notation, had a [|ferromagnetic core] memory of up to 4096 words, and [|magnetic drums] and [|tapes] as peripheral memory. Logical circuits used [|semiconductor diodes], registers and latches [|electronic tubes]. The computer performed 20 thousand [|instructions per second]. The [|operating system] IS-2, Algol 60 and Fortran compiler were developed by Mikhail R. Shura-Bura and Andrey Ershov.
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 * [[image:m20.jpg link="http://code.google.com/p/m20/"]] ||~ || **M-20**, (M20)
 * M-20 ||~ ||^ ||

=Successors= Later, M-220, M-222 and [|BESM-4] [|semiconductor] models were developed, which had increased storage volume and were software compatible with the M-20. They were mass-manufactured until 1974 and used in computer centers all over the [|Soviet Union]. BESM-4 was used to create the first ever [|computer animation] in 1968.

=Chess Programs=

Shura-Bura's Program
A chess program was already written in 1961 at the [|Steklov Institute of Mathematics] under direction of Mikhail R. Shura-Bura , presumably running on a M-20.

ITEP Chess Program
The ITEP Chess Program, forerunner of Kaissa, developed since 1963 at Alexander Kronrod’s laboratory at the Moscow Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (**ITEP**) by Georgy Adelson-Velsky, Vladimir Arlazarov, Anatoly Uskov, Alexander Zhivotovsky, A. Leman, M. Rozenfeld and Russian chess master Alexander Bitman is mentioned to ran the Stanford-ITEP Match on a M-2 computer, while it was also ported to run on the M-20.  Quote from Mikhail Donskoy's //life cycle of a programmer// : include page="Quote Donskoy"

Butenko's Program
After Mikhail Botvinnik introduced his early computer chess ideas concerning attack maps and trajectories at [|Moscow Central Chess Club] in 1966, with the skeptical Georgy Adelson-Velsky and others attending, he found Vladimir Butenko as supporter and collaborator. Butenko first implemented the 15x15 vector attacks board representation, determining trajectories on a M-20 computer in a program which apparently was a forerunner of Pioneer, which also evolved to Butenko's program after he refused further cooperation with Botvinnik in 1970.  =Selected Games= David Bronstein - M-20 code [Event "Computer Match"] [Site "Moscow Mathematics Institute"] [Date "1963.04.04"] [Round "1"] [White "David Bronstein"] [Black "M20 (Computer)"] [Result "1-0"]

1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.e5 Ng4 5.d4 g5 6.Nc3 Ne3 7.Qe2 Nxf1 8.Ne4 Ne3 9.Nf6+ Ke7 10.Bd2 Nxc2+ 11.Kf2 Nxa1 12.Nd5+ Ke6 13.Qc4 b5 14.Nxg5+ Qxg5 15.Nxc7+ Ke7 16.Nd5+ Ke6 17.Nxf4+ Ke7 18.Nd5+ Ke8 19.Qxc8+ Qd8 20.Nc7+ Ke7 21.Bb4+ d6 22.Bxd6+ Qxd6 23.Qe8# 1-0 code

In his Advances in Computer Chess 8 conference paper, Bronstein mentioned he played Kaissa in 1963 with queen odds, so one may assume it was already an early version of the ITEP Chess Program running on a M-20. However, according to Mikhail Donskoy, the development on ITEP started in 1963. In //The Early Development of Programming in the USSR//, Andrey Ershov and Mikhail R. Shura-Bura note that in the end of the 1950's a group of Moscow mathematicians began a study of computerized chess which eventually led to the victory at the WCCC 1974.

=See also=
 * M-2

=External Links= > [|Architecture - m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting] > [|GreKo - Download] (c) 2002-2011 Vladimir Medvedev
 * [|M-20 Computer] from the Russian Virtual Computer Museum
 * [|M series (computer) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Minsk family of computers from Wikipedia]
 * [|Minsk Family of Computers] from the Russian Virtual Computer Museum
 * [|Anatoliy Nikolaevich Myamlin] from the Russian Virtual Computer Museum
 * [|The chess games of M20 (Computer)] from [|chessgames.com]
 * [|m20 - Emulator of M-20, soviet vacuum tube computer - Google Project Hosting]
 * [|GreKo - Download] has a listing of the ITEP Chess Program for the M-20 computer, hosted by Vladimir Medvedev
 * [|Infobulletin Nr.28 UdSSR - Computer Geschichte (1948-2000)] (German)

=References= =What links here?= include page="M-20" component="backlinks" limit="30"
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