Claude+Shannon

was an American [|electrical engineer], mathematician and researcher from MIT and since 1941 Bell Laboratories. One of the pioneers of the [|information theory].
 * Home * People * Claude Shannon**
 * [[image:Claude_Elwood_Shannon.jpg link="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon"]] ||~  || **Claude Elwood Shannon**, (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001)

In 1949 Shannon published a groundbreaking paper on computer chess entitled //Programming a Computer for Playing Chess//. It describes how a machine or computer could be made to play a reasonable game of chess. His process for having the computer decide on which move to make is a minimax procedure, based on an evaluation function of a given chess position. || toc =Photos=
 * Claude Shannon ||~  ||^   ||

Chess Automation
Quote of the text on the back on the photo, as given in ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4: :

ponder the computational aspects of playing chess at Shannon's early relay-based chess machine ||
 * [[image:2-0 and 2-1.shannon_lasker.prior_1970.102645398.NEWBORN.lg.jpg width="560" link="http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbe92716"]] ||
 * Computer pioneer Claude Shannon and chess champion [|Edward Lasker] at MIT,

WCCC 1980
Tony Marsland, Dave Slate, David Levy, Claude Shannon, Ken Thompson, Betty Shannon, Tom Truscott ||
 * [[image:ClaudeShannon1980.jpg width="560" link="https://www.flickr.com/photos/arselectronica/5057039146/"]] ||
 * WCCC 1980, [|Linz], [|Austria], Special guest Claude Shannon, David Levy left ||
 * [[image:Chess_Pioneers_Mittman_Newborn_Marsland_Slate_Levy_Shannon_Thompson_Truscott.c1980.102665753.lg.jpg width="560" link="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753"]] ||
 * Chess pioneers in [|Sacher Hotel Vienna], Austria 1980: Ben Mittman, Monty Newborn,
 * Chess pioneers in [|Sacher Hotel Vienna], Austria 1980: Ben Mittman, Monty Newborn,

WCCC 1989

 * [[image:3-1_and_3-2.Thompson_Shannon_Slate.WCCC.Edmonton.1989.102645362.NEWBORN.lg.jpg width="560" link="http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbdd1eb1"]] ||
 * Thompson, Shannon, and Slate at the 6th WCCC Edmonton 1989 ||
 * [[image:5-2.Hsu_and_Shannon_1989.102645330.HSU.lg.jpg width="560" link="http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbd35ab2"]] ||
 * Claude Shannon awards Feng-Hsiung Hsu, first prize for Deep Thought, Edmonton 1989 ||
 * Claude Shannon awards Feng-Hsiung Hsu, first prize for Deep Thought, Edmonton 1989 ||

=Shannon's Types= Claude Shannon categorized two types of search :
 * Type A - a brute-force search looking at every variation to a given depth
 * Type B - a selective search looking at "important" branches only

Without the sense of alpha-beta, and inspired by the experiments of Adriaan de Groot, Shannon and early programmers favored Type B strategy. Type B searches use some type of static heuristics in order to only look at branches that look important - with some risk to oversee some serious tactics not covered by the plausible move selector. Type B was most popular until the 1970's, when Type A programs had enough processing power and more efficient brute force algorithms to become stronger. Today most programs are closer to Type A, but have some characteristics of a Type B as mentioned in selectivity.

=See also=
 * History of Computer Chess
 * The Shannon Trophy

=Selected Publications=
 * Claude Shannon (**1938**). //[|A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits]//. [|Transactions of the AIEE], Vol. 57, No 12, Master's thesis 1940, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * Claude Shannon (**1948**). //A Mathematical Theory of Communication//. [|pdf]
 * Claude Shannon (**1949**). //[|Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]//. [|pdf] from The Computer History Museum
 * Claude Shannon (**1950**). //A Chess-Playing Machine//. Scientific American, Vol. 182 (No. 2, February 1950), pp. 48-51. Reprinted in [|The World of Mathematics], edited by [|James R. Newman], [|Simon & Schuster, NY], Vol. 4, 1956, pp. 2124-2133. Included in Part B
 * Claude Shannon (**1953**). //[|Computers and Automata]//. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers Vol. 41, No. 10
 * John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, Claude Shannon (**1955**). //[|A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence]//.
 * Claude Shannon, John McCarthy (eds.) (**1956**). //Automata Studies//. Annals of Mathematics Studies Number 34, [|Google books], [|oldcomputerbooks.com]
 * Jaap van den Herik (**1989**). //An Interview with Claude Shannon, September 25, 1980 in Linz, Austria//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4
 * Bob Herschberg, Jaap van den Herik (**1989**). //Thank You, Dr. Shannon//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4
 * [|Neil J. A. Sloane], [|Aaron D. Wyner] (**1993**). //[|Claude Shannon: Collected Papers]//. IEEE Press, ISBN 0-7803-0434-9
 * Ken Thompson (**2001**). //[|CLAUDE SHANNON (1916-2001): FUNDAMENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS]//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1
 * Jaap van den Herik (**2001**). //[|CLAUDE SHANNON (1916-2001): THANK YOU]//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1
 * Ben Mittman (**2001**). //[|OBITUARY CLAUDE SHANNON (1916 – 2001): PERSONAL MEMORIES]//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2
 * [|David Mindell], [|Jérôme Segal], [|Slava Gerovitch] (**2003**). //[|Cybernetics and Information Theory in the United States, France and the Soviet Union]//. in [|Mark Walker], [|Science and Ideology]: A Comparative History » Claude Shannon, Norbert Wiener, covers the 1951 Paris Cybernetic Congress

=Forum Posts=
 * [|One hundred years ago] by Steven Edwards, CCC, April 30, 2016

=External Links=
 * [|Claude Shannon from Wikipedia]
 * [|The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Claude Shannon]
 * [|Details for Claude Shannon - Oberwolfach Photo Collection]
 * [|Ars Electronica - Codes & Clowns (2010/2011) – Flickr]
 * [|Shannon entropy from Wikipedia]
 * [|Shannon's source coding theorem from Wikipedia]
 * [|Shannon index from Wikipedia]
 * [|Shannon number from Wikipedia]
 * [|Shannon switching game from Wikipedia]
 * [|Claude Shannon] from The Computer History Museum.
 * [|The significance of Shannon's Work] by [|Aaron D. Wyner]
 * [|Remembering Claude Shannon] (pdf)

Videos
> media type="custom" key="24018378" > media type="custom" key="24018376"
 * Claude Shannon - Father of the Information Age, [|YouTube] Video
 * Claude Shannon [|Juggling], [|YouTube] Video

100th Birthday

 * [|Claude E. Shannon 100th Birthday Celebration — Information Theory Society], IEEE
 * [|Claude Elwood Shannon 100th Birthday Celebration (2016)], Technical University of Munich
 * [|Der Erfinder der Information | HNF Blog], April 29, 2016, Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum (German)

=References= =What links here?= include page="Claude Shannon" component="backlinks" limit="100"
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