David+Levy

a Scottish [|International Master] chess player (IM Title 1969), Bachelor of Science in [|Pure Maths], Physics and Statistics, renowned computer chess expert and promoter, tournament organizer, businessman, and president of the ICGA, the International Computer Games Association.
 * Home * People * David Levy**
 * [[image:davidlevy.jpg link="http://www.chessninja.com/davidlevy.htm"]] ||~  || **David Neil Lawrence Levy**, (born 1945 in London)

David Levy authored and co-authored an enormous number of articles and books on Chess, Computer Chess and AI-Topics. Noteworthy is the commercial edition of his Ph.D. thesis //Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships//, which he defended successfully on October 11, 2007, at Maastricht University, The Netherlands. || toc =Photos= Monty Newborn, Tony Marsland, Dave Slate, David Levy, Claude Shannon, Ken Thompson, Betty Shannon, Tom Truscott ||  =The Gambler=
 * David Levy ||~  ||^   ||
 * [[image:3-1.computer_chess.david_levy.102634531.lg.jpg width="502" height="648" link="http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-42fa88358c245"]] ||
 * David Levy ponders next move against Chess 4.6 ||
 * [[image:Chess_Pioneers_Mittman_Newborn_Marsland_Slate_Levy_Shannon_Thompson_Truscott.c1980.102665753.lg.jpg link="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102665753"]] ||
 * Chess pioneers in [|Sacher Hotel Vienna], Austria 1980: Ben Mittman,
 * Chess pioneers in [|Sacher Hotel Vienna], Austria 1980: Ben Mittman,

The Levy Bet

 * [[image:LevyCartoon.JPG width="287" height="328" link="Cartoons"]] ||~  || In 1968, Donald Michie, founder of the Department of [|Machine Intelligence] and [|Perception] at the University of Edinburgh, invited Levy, already a strong international chess player and graduated computer scientist, to the Artificial Intelligence (AI) workshop in Edinburgh . Levy played a friendly game of chess against John McCarthy, which Levy won. McCarthy remarked that David was able to beat him, but predicted a computer program would beat David within ten years. David then offered the famous [|bet], that within that time no chess program would beat him in a tournament match. McCarthy took the bet after consulting Michie . The two made a 500 [|Pound] bet, which was later more than doubled when Donald Michie, Seymour Papert from MIT and Ed Kozdrowicki from the [|University of California], joined in the wager . David Levy redeemed the bet ten years later, winning a match against Chess 4.7 in Toronto, 1978 . He won a second 5 year bet in 1984, versus Cray Blitz, and then offered a price for the first computer chess team beating him. He finally got crashed 0-4 by Deep Thought in 1989.
 * Cartoon by Jeff Ragsdale ||~  ||^   ||
 * Cartoon by Jeff Ragsdale ||~  ||^   ||

Did they all pay up?
Following letter by David Levy was published in the ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No 1, February 1979:

||

CHAOS failed
Quote by David Levy from his Computer Chess Compendium, The Endgame, pp. 293-294:

Thompson's Databases
The discussion on KRPKR at ACM 1974 further inspired Ken Thompson to work some 10 years on chess endgames and to develop the Thompson's Databases :

Scotch versus Vodka
David Levy further on a second KRPKR bet in Computer Chess Compendium, The Endgame, pp. 293-294:

=WCCC and ICCA=

WCCC
David Levy, already associated with Monroe Newborn and Ben Mittman from the early ACM Computer Chess Championships, was initiator and co-founder of the World Computer Chess Championship in 1974, as suggested by the Soviet programmers of Kaissa :

ICCA
Three years later at the 2nd WCCC 1977 in Toronto, together with more enthusiastic chess programmers and suggested by Barend Swets, David Levy co-founded the International Computer Chess Association ICCA - Ben Mittman was elected as its first president. David Levy organized a lot of computer chess championships, acting as tournament director, reporter or as participant. He was founder and organizer of the Computer Olympiad and the [|Mind Sports Olympiads].

President
From 1986 to 1992, David Levy was president of the ICCA, then vice president until 1999 and since then until the present president again, since 2002 of the renamed ICGA.

=Computer Chess and AI Business=

Intelligent Software
In 1979, along with his business partner Kevin O’Connell, David Levy founded Philidor Software, and in 1981 Intelligent Software. Business was developing and trading dedicated chess computers and programs for home computers and PCs. Intelligent Software had several computer chess programmers under contract, Mark Taylor, David Broughton, Mike Johnson, Richard Lang and a Checkers programmer called Martin Bryant. Primary business and trading partners were Eric Winkler and Eric White with their respective companies.

Intelligent Toys
David Levy is now [|CEO] of Intelligent Toys Ltd., a London-based company founded in 2001 that develops toys that incorporate AI, and led the teams that won the [|Loebner Prize] two times in 1997 and 2009.

=Programs= Levy is mentioned as co-author of following chess programs, competing at ICCA-tournaments, while he actually was not a programmer but advisor:
 * Cyrus 68K
 * Intelligent Chess Software
 * Moby
 * Philidor
 * The Sphinx

=Man vs. Machine=
 * Levy versus Chess 1978
 * Levy versus Chess 1979 (WCCC 1986 Video at 3:52)
 * Levy versus Cray Blitz 1984
 * Levy versus Deep Thought 1989

=See also=
 * Advances in Computer Games 13 - Video
 * ICGA Investigations
 * The History of Computer Chess - an AI Perspective - Video
 * The Mind Machines - WCCC 1977 Video
 * WCCC 1986 Video at 3:52 (Levy versus Chess 1979)

=Selected Publications=

1976 ...

 * Jean E. Hayes, David Levy (**1976**). //The world computer chess championship, Stockholm 1974//. University Press (Edinburgh) ISBN 0852242859
 * David Levy (**1976**). //[|Chess and Computers]//. Batsford
 * David Levy (**1976**). //1975 U.S. Computer chess championship//. Computer Science Press » ACM 1975
 * David Levy (**1977**). //1976 US Computer Chess Championship//. Computer Science Press, Woodland Hills, CA » ACM 1976
 * David Levy (**1978**). //ACM '78//. ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 1 » ACM 1978
 * David Levy (**1978**). //How I won//. ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 2
 * David Levy (**1978**). //The PCW Microcomputer Chess Championships//, Personal Computer World, November 1978, [|pdf]
 * David Levy (**1979**). //Computer and Chess - How the monster thinks//. [|Elektor], January 1979
 * David Levy (**1979**). //How I beat the monster//. [|Elektor], January 1979
 * Allan Gottlieb, Peter W. Frey, David Levy, Johann Joss (**1979**). Letters on //Handicapping Computer Chess Programs//, ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1
 * David Levy (**1979**). //Chess Programming - Before You Begin//. Personal Computer World, May 1979

1980 ...
> David Levy (**1982**). //Robots//. Translation of Henri Vigneron (**1914**). //Les Automates//. also in David Levy (ed.) (**1988**). //Computer Chess Compendium//, pp. 273-278. [|pdf] from [|cyberneticzoo.com] » El Ajedrecista
 * David Levy (**1980**). //[|Intelligent Games]//. Creative Computing, Vol. 6, No. 4, hosted by the [|Internet Archive]
 * David Levy, Ben Mittman, Monroe Newborn (**1980**). //3rd World Computer Chess Championship//. ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 3, No. 3 » WCCC 1980
 * David Levy, Kevin O’Connell (**1981**). //The Best Chess Computer Yet?// [|Chess], July 1981 » Philidor
 * David Levy, Kevin O’Connell (**1981**). //A New World Champion//. [|Chess], October/November 1981 » WMCCC 1981
 * David Levy, Monroe Newborn (**1981**). //[|More Chess and Computers, The Microcomputer Revolution, The Challenge Match]//. Computer Science Press, Inc., Potomac, Maryland. ISBN 0-914894-07-2
 * David Levy, Monroe Newborn (**1982, 1983**). //[|All About Chess and Computers]//. [|Springer]
 * David Levy (**1983**). //Computer Gamesmanship: Elements of Intelligent Game Design//. Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-49532-1.
 * David Levy (**1984**). //Chess Master versus Computer//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2

1985 ...

 * David Levy (**1986**). //When will Brute Force Programs beat Kasparov?// ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2
 * David Levy (**1986**). //ICCA's Future//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2 » ICCA
 * David Levy (ed.) (**1988**). //Computer Chess Compendium//. [|Batsford], London
 * David Levy (ed.) (**1988**). //[|Computer Games I]//. [|Springer], ISBN: 978-1-4613-8718-3
 * David Levy (ed.) (**1988**). //[|Computer Games II]//. [|Springer], ISBN: 978-1-4613-8756-5
 * David Levy (**1988**). //8th World Microcomputer Chess Championship//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4 » WMCCC 1988
 * David Levy, David Broughton, Mark Taylor (**1989**). //The SEX Algorithm in Computer Chess//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1 » SEX Algorithm
 * David Levy (**1989**). //Evaluation Functions from Chess Endgame Databases//. Workshop on New Directions in Game-Tree Search
 * David Levy (**1989**). //The Netherlands versus the Computer World//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2 » Netherlands-vs-Computers-1989
 * Jaap van den Herik, David Levy (**1989**). //Disqualification at Portorož//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4 » WMCCC 1989
 * David Levy (**1989**). //The 20th North American Computer-Chess Championship//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4 » ACM 1989
 * David Levy, Don Beal (eds.) (**1989**). //Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence - The First Computer Olympiad//. Ellis Horwood » 1st Computer Olympiad

1990 ...

 * David Levy (**1990**). //The End of an Era//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1 » Levy versus Deep Thought 1989
 * David Levy (**1990**). //How Will Chess Programs Beat Kasparov//? Computers, Chess, and Cognition
 * David Levy, Don Beal (Eds.) (**1991**). //Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence - The Second Computer Olympiad//. Ellis Horwood » 2nd Computer Olympiad
 * David Levy, Monroe Newborn (**1991**). //How Computers Play Chess//. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-8121-2
 * David Levy (**1991**). //First Among Equals.// ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3
 * David Levy, Harry Nefkens (**1992**). //Before Databases//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1
 * David Levy (**1994**). //Straight on to Kasparov//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 2

1995 ...

 * David Levy (**1995**). //Extrapolation and Speculation.// ICCA Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3
 * David Levy (**1997**). //Crystal Balls: The Meta-Science of Prediction in Computer Chess//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2

2000 ...

 * David Levy (**2002**). //[|ICCA BECOMES ICGA]//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3
 * David Levy (**2002**). //[|SOME COMMENTS ON REALIZATION PROBABILITIES AND THE SEX ALGORITHM]//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3
 * David Levy (**2003**). //[|The State of the Art in Man vs. “Machine” Chess]//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1 » Kasparov versus Deep Junior 2003
 * David Levy (**2003**). //Kasparov vs X3D Fritz//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4 » Kasparov versus X3D Fritz 2003

2005 ...

 * ChessBase, the Editor, John Nunn, David Levy (**2005**). //Adams Outclassed by HYDRA//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2 » Hydra
 * David Levy (**2005**). //Man vs. Machine – What Next?// ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2
 * David Levy (**2005**). //[|Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age]//. AK Peters ISBN: 978-1-56881-239-7
 * David Levy (**2005**). //The 2nd Bilbao Man vs. Machine Team Championship//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4
 * David Levy (**2007**). //[|Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships]//. Harper Collins ISBN: 978-0-06156-212-9, [|amazon], [|Audiobook MP3 CD from amazon]
 * David Levy (**2007**). //Obituary Donald Michie (1923-2007)//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3 » Donald Michie
 * David Levy (**2009**). //Mikhail Donskoy - An Obituary//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1 » Mikhail Donskoy
 * David Levy, Monty Newborn (**2009**). //How Computers Play Chess//. [|Ishi Press], [|amazon]

2010 ...

 * David Levy (**2011**). //Attack of the Clones//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1
 * David Levy (**2011**). //Rybka Disqualified and Banned from World Computer Chess Championships//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2 » Rybka
 * David Levy (**2011**). //A Very Sad Case//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2 » ICGA Investigations
 * David Levy (**2012**). //No Miscarriage of Justice - Just Biased Reporting//. [|doc]
 * David Levy (**2012**). //From Computer Games to a Global Brain//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4
 * Jaap van den Herik, Aske Plaat, David Levy, Daniel Dimov (**2014**). //[|Plagiarism in Game Programming Competitions]//. [|Entertainment Computing], Vol. 5, No. 3, [|pdf preprint]
 * David Levy (**2014**). //The RYBKA Case – Progress and Verdict//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4 » Rybka Controversy

2015 ...

 * David Levy (**2015**). //The "Horizon Effect" in Politics//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2 » Horizon Effect

=External Links= > media type="custom" key="24504104" > [|ICGA/Rybka controversy: An interview with David Levy (2)], ChessBase News, February 10, 2012
 * [|David Levy from Wikipedia]
 * [|David Levy's ICGA Tournaments]
 * [|Chess Computers - The UK Story] from [|Chess Computer UK] by Mike Watters
 * [|David Levy interview] from [|Schachcomputer.info - Wiki]
 * [|David Levy - The Othello Wiki Book Project]
 * [|The History of 8bit Gaming in the UK - Popular Computing Weekly 11-17 Aug 1983]
 * [|Author Archive: David Levy] from [|Powell's Blog]
 * [|Chandler Cornered Chess Sci-Fi + Traitors Mate + Blunder Table] covering David Levy by [|Chess Edinburgh]
 * [|Levy, David Neil Lawrence(Scotland) Men's Chess Olympiads]
 * [|David Levy's games] at [|chessgames.com]
 * [|David Neil Lawrence Levy chess games] at [|365Chess.com]
 * [|David Levy on the Brain Games Scandal, 2000-2003] from [|Kingpin Chess Magazine — the satirical chess magazine]
 * [|David Levy on Kasparov vs X3D Fritz], ChessBase News, December 21, 2003
 * [|Robots unlimited – life in a virtual age], ChessBase News, May 02, 2006
 * [|Elections 2006: Does democracy work in FIDE?] by David Levy, ChessBase News, May 11, 2006
 * [|Breaking news: Kirsan Ilyumzhinov reelected] by David Levy, ChessBase News, June 02, 2006
 * [|Amir Ban on Deep Junior] from [|Combinatorics and more - Gil Kalai’s blog]
 * [|Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age] full Bibliography by David Levy
 * [|Riz Khan] Love and sex with robots - February 12, 2008, [|YouTube] Video
 * [|Attack of the clones : ChessVibes] by David Levy, 19 February, 2011 » Rybka, Fruit, Strelka
 * [|David Levy - Sex with Robots] An Interview with Author David Levy by [|Cory Silverberg], [|About.com], May 18, 2011
 * [|ICGA/Rybka controversy: An interview with David Levy (1)], ChessBase News, February 06, 2012

=References=
 * Up one level**