Artificial+Intelligence

the [|intelligence] of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. While 'machine intelligence' was already mentioned by Alan Turing in the 1940s during his research at [|Bletchley Park], the term 'artificial intelligence' was coined by John McCarthy in the proposal for the 1956 [|Dartmouth Conference]. In its beginning, Computer Chess was called the [|Drosophila] of [|Artificial Intelligence]. In the 70s, when brute-force programs started to dominate, and competitive and commercial aspects have taken precedence over using chess as a scientific domain, the AI community more and more lost interest in chess. In disagreement with the AI establishment in the 80s, Peter W. Frey concluded, that the AI community should follow computer chess methods rather than the other way around. || toc =Drosophila of AI=
 * Home * Artificial Intelligence**
 * [[image:computerzeitalter.jpg width="297" height="255" link="http://www.schaakkunst.nl/Schaakkunst_besser.htm?id=GK&id2=GA&id3=IN"]] ||~  || **Artificial Intelligence**, (AI)
 * Bernd Besser, computerzeitalter ||~  ||^   ||

Donald Michie
Quote from //I remember Donald Michie// by Maarten van Emden : 

John McCarthy
Quote by John McCarthy from //What is Artificial Intelligence//? : include page="Quote McCarthy on AI"

Anthony Cozzie
Anthony Cozzie in a forum discussion about McCarthy's statement :

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=Heuristic Programming=

Remembering Kronrod
Quote from //Remembering A.S. Kronrod// by Evgenii Landis and Isaak Yaglom : include page="Quote Remembering Kronrod"

Intellectual Foundations
Quote from //Biography AS Kronrod// by Alexander Yershov include page="Quote Yershov" =The 12th IJCAI= In a panel discussion at the [|12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence], Robert Levinson, Feng-hsiung Hsu, Tony Marsland, Jonathan Schaeffer, and David Wilkins commented on the relationship between computer chess and AI research. As pointed out by Peter W. Frey, many emphasized the discrepancy between both domains and seemed to lament the inferiour status of the work of computer chess - some excerpts quoted by Frey in his //Computer Chess vs. AI// paper.

Tony Marsland


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Robert Levinson


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David Wilkins


=AI as Sport= John McCarthy from //AI as Sport//, 1997, in a review of Monty Newborn's //Deep Blue vs. Kasparov// :

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=Making Computer Chess Scientific= A further note by John McCarthy from //Making Computer Chess Scientific// :

|| =Go, the new Drosophila of AI= A quote by Gian-Carlo Pascutto on AI in Go and Chess :

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=Poker, the next Challenge= Graham Kendall and Jonathan Schaeffer on [|Poker] :



=Bill Gates on AI= Remark by [|Bill Gates] on the [|17. IJCAI 2001], [|Seattle], [|Washington], USA, August 7, 2001 :

=Subfields= > Deep Learning
 * Genetic Programming
 * Learning
 * Neural Networks
 * Planning
 * Robots

=See also=
 * Cognition
 * Knowledge
 * Psychology
 * Search
 * Turing Test

=Selected Publications=

1945 ...

 * Vannevar Bush (**1945**). //[|As We May Think]//. [|The Atlantic Monthly], July 1945, [|pdf] from The Computer History Museum
 * Claude Shannon (**1949**). //[|Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]//. [|pdf] from The Computer History Museum

1950 ...

 * Alan Turing (**1950**). //[|Computing Machinery and Intelligence]//. Mind, 59, 433-460. [|pdf] from The Computer History Museum
 * [|Paul I. Richards] (**1951**). //Machines which can learn//. [|American Scientist], 39:711-716
 * [|Paul I. Richards] (**1952**). //On Game Learning Machines//. [|The Scientific Monthly], Vol. 74, No. 4, April 1952
 * Marvin Minsky (**1954**). //Neural Nets and the Brain Model Problem//. Ph.D. dissertation, [|Princeton University]

1955 ...

 * John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, Claude Shannon (**1955**). //[|A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence]//.
 * Allen Newell (**1955**). //The Chess Machine: An Example of Dealing with a Complex Task by Adaptation//. Proceedings Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 101-108. Reprinted (**1988**) in Computer Chess Compendium
 * [|Frank Rosenblatt] (**1957**). //The Perceptron - a Perceiving and Recognizing Automaton//. Report 85-460-1, [|Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory]
 * Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon (**1958**). //Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity//. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335. Reprinted (1963) in [|Computers and Thought] (eds. Edward A. Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman), pp. 39-70. McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. [|pdf]
 * John McCarthy (**1959**). //[|Programs with Common Sense]//, [|pdf]
 * Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon (**1959**). //Report on a general problem-solving program//. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing, pp. 256-264
 * Woodrow W. Bledsoe, [|Iben Browning] (**1959**). //[|Pattern Recognition and Reading by Machine]//. In Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference

1960 ...

 * [|John D. Williams] (**1960**). //Toward Intelligent Machines//. [|RAND Corporation], P-2170, 29 December 1960
 * [|Mortimer Taube] (**1961**). //Computers and Common Sense: The Myth of Thinking Machines//. [|Columbia University Press]
 * Marvin Minsky (**1961**). //Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence//. Proc IRE, 49, pp. 8-30. Reprinted (1963) in [|Computers and Thought] (eds. Edward A. Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman), [|pdf]
 * John Maynard Smith, Donald Michie (**1961**). //Machines that play games//. New Scientist, 12, 367-9.
 * [|Frank Rosenblatt] (**1962**). //[|Principles of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms]//. Spartan Books
 * Edward Feigenbaum, Julian Feldman (eds.) (**1963**). //[|Computers and Thought]//. [|McGraw-Hill], New York, N.Y.
 * [|Howard H. Campaigne] (**1964**). //Time Is - Time Was - Time Is Past. Computers for Intelligence//. [|pdf] from the [|National Security Agency]

1965 ...

 * Hubert L. Dreyfus (**1965**). //[|Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence]//. [|Rand] Paper.
 * Jack Good (**1965**). //[|Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine]//. [|Advances in Computers, Vol. 6], [|pdf], [|pdf]
 * [|Ray Solomonoff] (**1966**). //Some Recent Work in Artificial Intelligence//. Proc. of the IEEE, [|pdf]
 * Marvin Minsky, Seymour Papert (**1969**). //[|Perceptrons]//.
 * Herbert Simon (**1969**). //The Sciences of the Artificial//. [|The MIT Press], 1st Edition

1970 ...

 * Mikhail Botvinnik (**1970**). //Computers, Chess and Long-Range Planning//. Springer-Verlag, New York.
 * James R. Slagle (**1971**). //Artificial Intelligence: The Heuristic Programming Approach//. [|McGraw-Hill]
 * Nils J. Nilsson (**1971**). //Problem Solving Methods in Artificial Intelligence//. [|McGraw-Hill]
 * Nicholas V. Findler, Bernard Meltzer (eds.) (**1971**). //Artificial Intelligence and Heuristic Programming//. [|Edinburgh University Press], ISBN 0-85224-199-2
 * Marvin Minsky, Seymour Papert (**1972**). //[|Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry]//. [|The MIT Press], 2nd edition with corrections
 * Hubert L. Dreyfus (**1972, 1979, 1991**). //[|What Computers Can't Do]//.
 * [|Oscar Firschein], [|Martin A. Fischler], L. Stephen Coles, [|Jay M. Tenenbaum] (**1973**). //[|Forecasting and Assessing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Society]//. 3. IJCAI, [|Stanford, California]
 * Donald Michie (**1974**). //On Machine Intelligence//. Edinburgh: University Press, [|abebooks.com], [|alibris.com], [|biblio.com]

1975 ...

 * [|John Henry Holland] (**1975**). //Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence//. [|amazon.com]
 * A. Harry Klopf (**1975**). //[|A Comparison of Natural and Artificial Intelligence]//. ACM SIGART Bulletin, No. 52
 * Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (**1976**). //[|Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search]//. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 19, No. 3, ACM Turing Award Lecture, [|pdf] from The Computer History Museum
 * Donald Michie (**1976**). //[|AL1: a package for generating strategies from tables]//. ACM SIGART Bulletin, No. 59
 * Donald Michie (**1976**). //An Advice-Taking System for Computer Chess.// Computer Bulletin, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, pp. 12-14. ISSN 0010-4531.
 * Azriel Rosenfeld, Jerome A. Feldman, Laveen N. Kanal, Patrick H. Winston (**1977**). //AI and Pattern Recognition//. [|IJCAI 1977]
 * Ivan Bratko (**1979**). //Implementing Search Heuristics using the AL1 Advice-Taking System//. Proc. Sixth Int. Joint Conf. on Art. Intell., pp. 95-97.
 * Alan H. Bond (**1979**). //An Approach to Artificial Intelligence//. [|pdf]

1980 ...

 * Allen Newell (**1980**). //Physical Symbol Systems//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 4, No. 2
 * Mikhail Botvinnik, Boris Stilman, Alexander Yudin, Alexander Reznitskiy, Michael Tsfasman (**1980**). //Thinking of Man and Computer//, Proc. of the Second International Meeting on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1-9, Repino, Leningrad, Russia
 * David Wilkins (**1980**). //Using patterns and plans in chess//. Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14, pp. 165-203. Reprinted (**1988**) in Computer Chess Compendium
 * Marvin Minsky (**1980**). //K-Lines: A Theory of Memory//. Cognitive Science 4, 117-133, [|pdf]
 * Hans Berliner (**1981**). //An Examination of Brute Force Intelligence.// Proceedings of [|IJCAI 81], Vancouver, pp. 581-587, Vancouver. [|pdf]
 * [|Avron Barr], Edward Feigenbaum (eds.) (**1981**). //[|The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence]//. Vol. 1, HeurisTech Press
 * [|Avron Barr], Edward Feigenbaum (eds). (**1982**). //[|The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence]//. Vol. 2, HeurisTech Press
 * [|Paul Cohen], Edward Feigenbaum (eds.) (**1982**). //[|The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence]//. Vol. 3, HeurisTech Press
 * Donald Michie (**1982**). //Chess with computers. Machine Intelligence and Related Topics//. Gordon and Breach Science
 * Dana S. Nau, Vipin Kumar, Laveen N. Kanal (**1982**). //A General Paradigm for A.I. Search Procedures//. [|AAAI 1982]
 * [|Marek Perkowski], [|Andrzej Goralski], Gerard Zieliński (**1982**). //Elements of Artificial Intelligence//. Institute of Automatic Control, [|Warsaw University of Technology]
 * A. Harry Klopf (**1982**). //The Hedonistic Neuron: A Theory of Memory, Learning, and Intelligence//. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, University of Michigan
 * Danny Kopec, Donald Michie (**1983**). //Mismatch between machine representations and human concepts: dangers and remedies.// FAST series No. 9 report. European Community, Brussels.
 * Ryszard Michalski, Jaime Carbonell, Tom Mitchell (**1983**). //Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach//. Tioga Publishing Company, [|google books]

1985 ...

 * Ryszard Michalski, Jaime Carbonell, Tom Mitchell (**1985**). //Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach//. Morgan Kaufmann, [|google books]
 * Hermann Kaindl (**1985**). //[|What Happened with AI's Drosophila]//? [|ÖGAI 1985]: 194-203
 * Chin-Liang Chang (**1985**). //Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Techniques//. JMA Press, [|Open Library]
 * [|Judith V. Grabiner] (**1986**). //Computers and the Nature of Man: A Historian's Perspective of Controversies about Artificial Intelligence//. [|Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society], Vol. 15, No. 2, [|pdf]
 * Ryszard Michalski, Jaime Carbonell, Tom Mitchell (**1986**). //Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Volume II//. Morgan Kaufmann, [|google books]
 * Herbert Simon (**1986**). //[|Whether Software Engineering Needs to Be Artificially Intelligent]//. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 7
 * John E. Laird, Allen Newell, Paul S. Rosenbloom (**1987**). //SOAR: An Architecture for General Intelligence//. [|Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 33, No. 1
 * Christopher Chabris (**1987**). //Artificial Intelligence and Turbo Pascal - Book and Disk//. Irwin Professional Pub, [|amazon.com] » Turbo Pascal
 * Marvin Minsky (**1988**). //[|Why People Think Computers Can't]//. MIT
 * Marvin Minsky (**1988**). //[|Society of Mind]//. [|Simon & Schuster]
 * David E. Goldberg (**1989**). //Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning//. [|Addison-Wesley], from [|amazon.com]
 * Mikhail Donskoy, Jonathan Schaeffer (**1989**). //Perspectives on Falling from Grace//. Workshop on New Directions in Game-Tree Search, [|pdf], revised version published (**1990**). in Computers, Chess, and Cognition

1990 ...

 * John McCarthy (**1990**). //Chess as the Drosophila of AI.// Computers, Chess, and Cognition, pp. 227-237
 * Mikhail Donskoy, Jonathan Schaeffer (**1990**). //Perspectives on Falling from Grace.// Computers, Chess, and Cognition
 * Yves Kodratoff, Ryszard Michalski (**1990**). //Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, Volume III//. Morgan Kaufmann, [|google books]
 * Richard Fikes (**1990**). //AI and Software Engineering - Managing Exploratory Programming//. [|AAAI 1990]
 * Nicholas V. Findler (**1990**). //[|Contributions to a Computer-Based Theory of Strategies]//. [|Springer]
 * 1991**
 * Herbert Simon (**1991**). //Artificial Intelligence: Where Has It Been, Where is it Going//? IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2
 * Robert Levinson, Feng-hsiung Hsu, Tony Marsland, Jonathan Schaeffer, David Wilkins (**1991**). //The Role of Chess in Artificial Intelligence Research//. [|IJCAI 1991], [|pdf], also in ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, [|pdf]
 * Peter W. Frey (**1991**). //Memory-Based Expertise: Computer Chess vs. AI//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4
 * Dinesh Gadwal, [|Jim Greer], [|Gordon McCalla] (**1991**). //UMRAO: A Chess Endgame Tutor.// ARIES Laboratory, Department of Computational Science, [|University of Saskatchewan], [|IJCAI-91], [|pdf]
 * Robert W. Howard (**1991**). //All about Intelligence: Human, Animal, and Artificial//. New South Wales University Press Ltd, [|amazon.com]
 * 1992**
 * Patrick Winston (**1992**) //[|Artificial Intelligence].// (third Edition)
 * Peter Norvig (**1992**). //[|Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp]//. [|Morgan Kaufmann]
 * 1993**
 * Helmut Horacek (**1993**). //Computer Chess, its Impact on Artificial Intelligence.// ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1 » WCCC 1992 - Workshop
 * Matthew L. Ginsberg (**1993**). //[|Essentials of artificial intelligence]//. [|Morgan Kaufmann Publishers]
 * Paul S. Rosenbloom, John E. Laird, Allen Newell (**1993**). //The SOAR Papers: Research on Integrated Intelligence//. [|MIT Press], [|amazon]
 * 1994**
 * Victor Allis (**1994**). //Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence//. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Limburg, [|pdf]
 * Boris Stilman (**1994**). //A Linguistic Geometry for Space Applications//, Proc. of the 1994 Goddard Conference on Space Applications of Artificial Intelligence, pp. 87-101, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
 * Ryszard Michalski, George Tecuci (**1994**). //Machine Learning: A Multistrategy Approach, Volume IV//. Morgan Kaufmann, [|google books]
 * L. Stephen Coles (**1994**). //Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI//. AI Expert, Vol. 9, No. 4, [|Miller Freeman, Inc.], [|posted October 30, 2002] in [|Dr. Dobbs]

1995 ...

 * Herbert Simon (**1995**). //Explaining the Ineffable: AI on the Topics of Intuition, Insight and Inspiration//. IJCAI 1995, [|pdf]
 * Herbert Simon (**1995**). //[|Artificial Intelligence: An Empirical Science]//. [|Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 77, No. 1
 * Jacques Pitrat (**1995**). //[|AI Systems Are Dumb Because AI Researchers Are Too Clever]//. ACM Computing Surveys, [|Vol. 27, No. 3]
 * Edward Feigenbaum, Julian Feldman (eds.) (**1995**). //[|Computers and Thought]//. [|MIT Press]
 * Jay Burmeister, Janet Wiles (**1995**). //The Challenge of Go as a Domain for AI Research: A Comparison Between Go and Chess//. In Proceedings of the Third Australian and New Zealand Conference on Intelligent Information Systems, [|IEEE Western Australia Section], [|pdf]
 * 1996**
 * Herbert Simon (**1996**). //The Sciences of the Artificial//. [|MIT Press, 3rd Edition 1996], [|amazon]
 * Edward A. Feigenbaum (**1996**) //How the “What“ Becomes the “How“//. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 5, [|pdf] hosted by The Computer History Museum
 * 1997**
 * Tony Marsland, Yngvi Björnsson. (**1997**). //From MiniMax to Manhattan//. In Deep Blue Versus Kasparov: The Significance for Artificial Intelligence. AAAI Workshop, pp. 31–36, 1997. [|pdf]
 * John McCarthy (**1997**). //Chess as the Drosophila of AI//. Computer Science Department, Stanford University, condensed version of the 1990 paper, [|pdf]
 * Richard Korf (**1997**). //Does DEEP BLUE use Artificial Intelligence?// ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4
 * John McCarthy (**1997**). //[|AI as Sport].// Science, Vol. 276
 * Santos Gerardo Lazzeri, Rachelle Heller (**1997**). //Application of Fuzzy Logic and Case-Based Reasoning to the Generation of High-Level Advice in Chess//. Advances in Computer Chess 8
 * 1998**
 * Franz-Günter Winkler, Johannes Fürnkranz (**1998**). //A Hypothesis on the Divergence of AI Research.// ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, [|pdf]
 * Toshinori Munakata (**1998**). //[|Fundamentals of the New Artificial Intelligence: Beyond Traditional Paradigms]//. 1st edition, [|Springer], 2nd edition 2008
 * 1999**
 * Christian Jongeneel, Henk Koppelaar (**1999**). //[|Gödel pro and contra AI: dismissal of the case]//. [|Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 12, No. 5

2000 ...

 * Bart Selman (**2000**). //Compute-intensive Methods in Artificial Intelligence//. [|Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 28, Nos. 1-4], [|pdf]
 * Ivan Bratko (**2001,2010**). //[|Prolog programming for artificial intelligence]//. Harlow England, [|Addison Wesley]
 * Monroe Newborn (**2002**). //[|Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone]//. [|Springer]
 * Jonathan Schaeffer, Jaap van den Herik (**2002**). //Games, computers, and artificial intelligence//. Artificial Intelligence 134, [|pdf]
 * Jürgen Schmidhuber (**2003**). //[|The New AI:General & Sound & Relevant for Physics]//. Technical Report IDSIA-04-03
 * Eric B. Baum (**2004**). //[|What is Thought?]// Bradford Book
 * Kevin Warwick (**2004**). //[|March of the Machines: The Breakthrough in Artificial Intelligence]//. [|University of Illinois Press]
 * Kevin Warwick (**2004**). //[|I, Cyborg]//. [|University of Illinois Press]

2005 ...

 * Dap Hartmann (**2005**). //The True Holy Grail of Artificial Intelligence//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1
 * David Levy (**2005**). //[|Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age]//. AK Peters
 * Marcus Hutter (**2005**). //[|Universal Artificial Intelligence]//. Sequential Decisions based on Algorithmic Probability, [|Springer]
 * Pieter Spronck (**2005**). //Adaptive Game AI//. Ph.D. thesis, Maastricht University, [|pdf]
 * 2006**
 * Azlan Iqbal (**2006**). //Is Aesthetics Computable?// ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1, [|pdf]
 * 2007**
 * Edward Feigenbaum (**2007**). //[|Happy Silver Anniversary, AI!]// [|AI Magazine], Vol. 27, No. 4
 * Marvin Minsky (**2007**). //[|The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind]//. [|Simon & Schuster]
 * David Levy (**2007**). //Love and Sex With Robots: The Evolution of Human-Robot Relationships//. Harper Collins, [|amazon.com]
 * 2008**
 * Guillaume Chaslot, Sander Bakkes, István Szita, Pieter Spronck (**2008**). //Monte-Carlo Tree Search: A New Framework for Game AI//. [|pdf]
 * István Szita, Marc Ponsen, Pieter Spronck (**2008**). //Keeping Adaptive Game AI interesting//. [|CGames 2008], [|pdf draft], [|pdf]
 * Brian Schwab (**2008**). //[|AI Game Engine Programming]//. Second Edition, [|amazon] » Faile
 * Mark Watson (**2008**). //Practical Artificial Intelligence Programming With Java//. Third Edition, [|pdf] » Java
 * Michael Thielscher (**2008**). //Artificial Intelligence and General Game Playing//. Workshop Chess and Mathematics » General Game Playing
 * Toshinori Munakata (**2008**). //[|Fundamentals of the New Artificial Intelligence: Neural, Evolutionary, Fuzzy and More]//. 2nd edition, [|Springer], 1st edition 1998
 * [|Brian Bloomfield], [|Theodore Vurdubakis] (**2008**). //[|IBM's Chess Players: On AI and Its Supplements]//. [|The Information Society], Vol. 24, No. 2 » Deep Blue
 * 2009**
 * Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig (**2009**). //[|Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach]//. 3rd edition
 * Jacques Pitrat (**2009**). //[|Artificial Beings: The Conscience of a Conscious Machine]//. Wiley
 * Diego Rasskin-Gutman (**2009**). //[|Chess Metaphors - Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind]//. translated by [|Deborah Klosky], [|MIT Press]
 * Nils J. Nilsson (**2009**). //[|The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements]//. [|Cambridge University Press]
 * Zongmin Ma (**2009**). //[|Artificial Intelligence for Maximizing Content Based Image Retrieval]//. [|Northeastern University, China]
 * Shay Bushinsky (**2009**). //[|Deus Ex Machina— A Higher Creative Species in the Game of Chess]//. AI Magazine, Vol. 30, No. 3 » Machine Creativity

2010 ...

 * Sander Bakkes (**2010**). //Rapid Adaptation of Video Game AI//. Ph.D. thesis, Tilburg University, [|pdf]
 * Pieter Spronck (**2010**). //Adaptive Game AI//. Tilburg University, [|pdf]
 * Paul S. Rosenbloom (**2010**). //An Architectural Approach to Statistical Relational AI//. [|Statistical Relational Artificial Intelligence 2010]
 * 2011**
 * Joel Veness (**2011**). //Approximate Universal Artificial Intelligence and Self-Play Learning for Games//. Ph.D. thesis, [|University of New South Wales], supervisors: Kee Siong Ng, Marcus Hutter, Alan Blair, William Uther, John Lloyd; [|pdf]
 * [|Stephen Lucci], Danny Kopec (**2011**). //[|Artificial Intelligence in the 21st Century]//. Mercury Learning and Information
 * Kevin Warwick (**2011**). //[|Artificial Intelligence: The Basics]//. [|Taylor & Francis]
 * 2013**
 * Kieran Greer (**2013**). //Is Intelligence Artificial?// [|arXiv:1403.1076]
 * 2014**
 * Kieran Greer (**2014**). //Turing: Then, Now and Still Key//. [|arXiv:1403.2541] » Alan Turing
 * Danny Kopec, Shweta Shetty, [|Christopher Pileggi] (**2014**). //[|Artificial Intelligence Problems and Their Solutions]//. Mercury Learning and Information
 * Cameron Browne (**2014**). //What Can Game AI Teach Us//? ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3
 * Héctor Muñoz-Avila, David J. Stracuzzi (**2014**). //[|Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence 2013]//. AI Magazine, Vol. 35, No. 1

2015 ...

 * Susan L. Epstein (**2015**). //[|Wanted: Collaborative Intelligence]//. [|Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 221
 * Jaap van den Herik (**2015**). //Computers and Intuition//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4
 * 2016**
 * Jaap van den Herik (**2016**). //[|Intuition is Programmable]//. [|Valedictory Address] from Tilburg University
 * Azlan Iqbal, Matej Guid, Simon Colton, Jana Krivec, Shazril Azman, Boshra Haghighi (**2016**). //The Digital Synaptic Neural Substrate: A New Approach to Computational Creativity//. [|arXiv:1507.07058] » Machine Creativity
 * 2017**
 * Garry Kasparov (**2017**). //Don’t Fear Intelligent Machines: Work with Them//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2

AI Game Programming Wisdom

 * [|Steve Rabin] (editor) (**2002**). //[|AI Game Programming Wisdom]//. Charles River Media
 * [|Steve Rabin] (editor) (**2003**). //[|AI Game Programming Wisdom 2]//. Charles River Media
 * [|Steve Rabin] (editor) (**2006**). //[|AI Game Programming Wisdom 3]//. Charles River Media
 * [|Steve Rabin] (editor) (**2008**). //[|AI Game Programming Wisdom 4]//. Charles River Media

=Forum Posts=
 * [|chess and AI] by David Deininger, rgc, April 11, 1994
 * [|Artificial Intelligence] by Fernando Villegas Darroui, rgcc, May 13, 1997
 * [|Artificial Intelligence in Computer Chess] by Artem Pyatakov, CCC, March 28, 2004
 * [|Re: Artificial Intelligence in Computer Chess - *DETAILS* as promised] by Artem Pyatakov, CCC, March 28, 2004 » History Heuristic
 * [|Fruit fly races] by Steven Edwards, CCC, April 06, 2005
 * [|what constitutes AI?] by stackOVERFLOW, OpenChess Forum, December 14, 2013
 * [|Scientific American article on Computer Chess] by Mark Lefler, CCC, June 03, 2017 » Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997

=External Links=

Wikipedia
> [|The abandonment of connectionism in 1969] > [|Physical symbol system from Wikipedia] > [|Digital organism from Wikipedia] > [|Virtual world from Wikipedia] > [|Second Life from Wikipedia]
 * [|Artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|Artificial intelligence], [|The Encyclopedia of Science] by David Darling
 * [|Strong AI from Wikipedia]
 * [|History of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|AI winter from Wikipedia]
 * [|Ethics of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|Philosophy of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|Timeline of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|Computational intelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|Collaborative intelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|Collective intelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|Superintelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|Technological singularity from Wikipedia]
 * [|Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|Encyclopedia of computational intelligence - Scholarpedia]
 * [|Artificial life from Wikipedia]
 * [|Virtual reality from Wikipedia]
 * [|Evolutionary computation from Wikipedia]

AI in Media
> [|BBC - Future - The cyborg chess players that can’t be beaten] by [|Chris Baraniuk], December 04, 2015 » David Levy, Boris Alterman, Shay Bushinsky, Mark Lefler
 * [|BBC - Future - Artificial intelligence]

Famous AI Programs

 * [|Logic Theorist] by Allen Newell, Herbert Simon and Cliff Shaw
 * [|General Problem Solver] by Herbert Simon, Cliff Shaw and Allen Newell
 * [|Eliza] by [|Joseph Weizenbaum]

Machine Creativity

 * [|Computational creativity from Wikipedia]
 * [|Machine creativity: what it is and what it isn't] by Albert Silver, ChessBase News, August 28, 2016 » AlphaGo
 * [|Creativity: Why it cannot be a machine property] by Ofer Shamai, ChessBase News, October 01, 2016

Associations
> [|AITopics / HomePage] > [|AITopics / AINews] 
 * [|Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence] (AAAI) (formerly the American Association for Artificial Intelligence)
 * [|International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence] (IJCAI), IJCAI Conferences
 * [|Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour] (SSAISB)

Journals
> [|ScienceDirect - Artificial Intelligence - Online Access] > [|Artificial Intelligence (journal) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Artificial Intelligence - Elsevier]
 * [|AAAI Digital Library — AI Magazine]
 * [|AAAI Sponsored Journals]
 * [|AAAI Press]
 * [|Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR)]
 * [|IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI)]
 * [|Machine Intelligence series], Donald Michie, Stephen Muggleton

Online Courses
> [|6,034 Artificial Intelligence, Spring 2005] > [|6.034 Artificial Intelligence, Fall 2010], Video Lectures by Patrick Winston > media type="youtube" key="0X-NdPtFKq0"
 * [|MIT OpenCourseWare] tries to put as much MIT course material online as possible. Here are two courses on Artificial Intelligence:
 * [|Intro to Artificial Intelligence Course Overview] by Sebastian Thrun ([|Udacity]) and Peter Norvig
 * Joint [|RTS]/[|IET] [|Public Lecture] with Google DeepMind's Demis Hassabis, [|British Museum], [|London], November 04, 2015, [|YouTube] Video

John McCarthy

 * [|What is Artificial Intelligence?]
 * [|Human-Level AI is harder than it seemed in 1955]
 * [|AI as Sport]
 * [|Making Computer Chess Scientific]

Misc
> [|AI on the Web] >
 * [|Watson (artificial intelligence software) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI] by L. Stephen Coles, October 30, 2002, [|Dr. Dobbs], republished 1994 article
 * [|Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach] by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig
 * [|Articles On Artificial Intelligence]
 * [|Artificial Intelligence II] by [|Nikos Drakos], Computer Based Learning Unit, [|University of Leeds]
 * [|Artificial Intelligence] by Jürgen Schmidhuber
 * [|Artificial Intelligence Repository] from Carnegie Mellon University
 * [|Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: a Perspective] by [|Jim Howe], University of Edinburgh
 * [|Artificial Intelligence - Recollections of the Pioneers]
 * [|My view on Artificial Intelligence | Just another WordPress site] by Jacques Pitrat
 * [|The “Modern” History of Artificial Intelligence and Programs] from [|Neuroscience Of Intelligence]
 * [|Kurt Gödel and his Impact on A.I.], a preliminary draft by Werner DePauli-Schimanovich
 * [|Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence] by Franz-Günter Winkler
 * [|Science Clarified » Artificial Intelligence]
 * [|Google AI Challenge] Organized by the University of Waterloo [|Computer Science Club] and sponsored by [|Google]
 * [|A.I. Artificial Intelligence (film) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Teachings from the Electronic Brain] from [|Wikipedia]
 * [|The Future of Computers, AI (artificial intelligence), etc -- aka, You're gonna die, sucker] by Warren D. Smith, March 07, 2013
 * [|Fludd's] description of [|perception], 1619

=References=
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