Adriaan+de+Groot

was a Dutch psychologist and chess master, who conducted a number of ground-breaking experiments in the cognitive processes that occur in the [|brains] of strong chess players. The studies involve participants of all chess backgrounds, from amateurs to masters. They investigate the cognitive requirements and the thought processes involved in moving a chess piece. The participants were usually required to solve a given chess problem correctly under the supervision of an experimenter and represent their thought-processes vocally so that they could be recorded. || toc =Quotes=
 * Home * People * Adriaan de Groot**
 * [[image:DeGroot.JPG link="WCCC 1986#Video"]] ||~  || **Adrianus Dingeman (Adriaan) de Groot**, (October 26, 1914 - August 14, 2006),
 * Adriaan de Groot ||~  ||^   ||

Chase & Simon
William Chase and Herbert Simon in //Perception in chess//, 1973

Fernand Gobet
Fernand Gobet in //Adriaan de Groot: Marriage of two Passions//, 2006, two excerpts : ... =Four Stages= De Groot defined four stages of the thought process:
 * 1) The **orientation phase** – grasp the position and formulate general ideas of what to do.
 * 2) The **exploration phase** – analysis of concrete variations.
 * 3) The **investigation phase** – choice of a probable best move.
 * 4) The **proof phase** – confirming the validity of the choice reached in phase three.

His Ph.D. Thesis //Het denken van den Schaker// was already cited in Claude Shannon's paper. In "Thought and Choice in Chess", 1965, De Groot introduced iterative or progressive deepening. His book became the bible for chess programmers in the late sixties during the zenith of the Type B programs.

=Euratom= An AI-effort in [|machine translation] and on developing a computer chess program in the "human style" was conducted under the auspices of [|Euratom] agency in the 60s in the spirit of its President [|Étienne Hirsch] and a team around Max Euwe, Adriaan de Groot, [|François Lionnais], Claude Berge and [|Marcel Barzin] :

=See also=
 * Cognition
 * Perception in Chess
 * Perception - Video
 * Psychology
 * WCCC 1986 Video

=Selected Publications= >
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1946**). //Het denken van den Schaker, een experimenteel-psychologische studie.// Ph.D. thesis, [|University of Amsterdam], advisor Géza Révész; N.V. Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij, [|Amsterdam]. Translated with the help of George Baylor, with additions, (in **1965**) as //Thought and Choice in Chess//. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. ISBN 90-279-7914-6.
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1965, 1978**). //Thought and Choice in Chess//. Mouton & Co Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-279-7914-6, [|amazon], [|google]
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1966**). //Perception and Memory versus Thought: Some Old Ideas and Recent Findings. Problem Solving: Research, Method, and Theory//. (ed. B. Kleinmuntz), pp. 19-50. John Wiley, New York.
 * Adriaan de Groot, Walter R. Reitman (eds.) (**1966**). //Heuristic Processes in Thinking//. International Congress of Psychology, [|Nauka], [|Moscow]
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1986**). //Intuition in Chess//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1987**). //Some Benefits of Advances in Computer Chess//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1988**). //A Rejoinder to I.J. Good's Comments//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, Nos. 2/3
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1989**). //Some Special Benefits of Advances in Computer Chess//. Advances in Computer Chess 5
 * Adriaan de Groot (**1992**). Allen Newell: //An Adieu//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3
 * Adriaan de Groot, Fernand Gobet (**1996**). //Perception and Memory in Chess: Heuristics of the professional eye.// Van Gorcum and Comp. B.V., Assen, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-232-2949-5. Chapter 9; A discussion: Two authors, two different views? available as [|word reprint].
 * Fernand Gobet (**2006**). //Adriaan de Groot: Marriage of two Passions//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4, [|pdf]
 * Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (**2011**). //[|Expert and “novice” problem solving strategies in chess: Sixty years of citing de Groot (1946)]//. Thinking and Reasoning, Vol. 14, No. 4
 * [|Michael H. Connors], [|Bruce D. Burns], Guillermo Campitelli (**2011**). //[|Expertise in complex decision making: the role of search in chess 70 years after de Groot]//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 35, No. 8

=External Links=
 * [|Adriaan de Groot from Wikipedia]
 * [|The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Adriaan de Groot]
 * [|Adriaan de Groot facts - Freebase]
 * [|Adriaan de Groot games at chessgames.com]
 * [|Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI] by L. Stephen Coles, Dr. Dobb's Portal 2002
 * [|A brief survey of psychological studies of chess] Copyright © 2001 Mark Jeays
 * [|Grondlegger Cito overleden] (Dutch) from [|Reformatorisch Dagblad], August 15, 2006
 * [|Adriaan de Groot, chess psychologist (1914–2006)] by Frederic Friedel, ChessBase, August 16, 2006
 * [|`Voor zo'n erkenning moet je vrij oud worden' - UT Nieuws - weekblad] (Dutch) from [|University of Twente], August 24, 2006
 * [|Dorpsbode Schiermonnikoog - Prof. dr. A.D. de Groot overleden] (Dutch), September 01, 2006
 * [|Het denken van de schaker] from [|The Max Pam Globe], September 2006

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