TR+440

a West-German general purpose 48-bit [|mainframe computer] developed from 1964 until 1971 by [|Telefunken] as successor of the TR-4, later manufactured by [|AEG Telefunken] and [|Computer Gesellschaft Konstanz]. The development team was headed by Eike Jessen. The TR 440 introduced [|paging], multiple modes of operation, [|multiprocessing] (two or three processors), vastly extended memory, satellite configurations (TR 86) and included innovative [|system software], as the [|time-sharing] [|operating system] BS3. || toc =Universities= A first TR 440 was shipped in 1969 to the [|Darmstadt] [|German computing center]. In total, 45 TR 440 computers were manufactured, many delivered to German universities during the early 70s, such as [|Ruhr University Bochum] , [|University of Düsseldorf], [|RWTH Aachen], [|University of Munich] and Technical University of Munich via [|Leibniz Supercomputing Centre] of the [|Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities] , [|University of Würzburg], University of Hamburg , [|Technical University of Berlin], [|University of Erlangen-Nuremberg], [|University of Tübingen], [|University of Stuttgart], [|University of Konstanz], [|Saarland University] , [|Kaiserslautern University of Technology] , [|University of Marburg] , [|Clausthal University of Technology] and [|Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht].
 * Home * Hardware * TR 440**
 * [[image:TR440RZSaarland.jpg width="400" link="http://www.uni-saarland.de/info/universitaet/portraet/geschichte/bilder-aus-60-jahren-uds/70ziger2.html"]] ||~  || **TR 440**, (TR440, TR-440, Telefunken-Rechner 440),
 * TR 440 at [|Saarland University] ||~  ||^   ||

=Block Diagram= =Architecture= The TR 440 central processor (Zentraler Rechner), dubbed RD 441, had four units (Werke), the instruction unit (Befehlswerk), [|accumulator] based ALU (Rechenwerk), memory unit (Speicherwerk) and I/O-unit (Ein- Ausgabewerk) with 4 fast (used for data storage, drum memory ) and 12 standard I/O-channels (tapes, satellite computer), all four units connected by a priority unit (Vorrangwerk). The TR-4 compatible architecture used a word size of 52 bits, consisting of 48 data bits, 2 type bits (00 - floating point, 38 bit normalized mantissa, 01 - integer/fixed point ([|Ones' complement]), 10 - opcode 2x24 bit, 11 - 8 six bit text characters) and 2 bit checksum ([|Dreierprobe]). Instructions operate on words, half- and double words and bytes of 4, 6, 7 or 12 bits, as well as random word areas inside a register or memory.
 * [[image:TR440Diagram.jpg]] ||
 * TR 440 	block diagram ||

=Technology=
 * [[image:SIG-100.jpg width="400" link="http://www.oldmouse.com/pics/misc/SIG-100.jpg"]] ||~ || The TR 440 was build from small-scale integration (SSI) [|monolithic integrated circuits] of about 10 [|transistors] and modules of 16 K core memory. Its speed was about 800,000 [|instructions per second]. Beside standard peripherals, [|teletypewriter] and [|CRT] [|monitor], the TR 440 already had a [|ball-based mouse] as [|pointing device] dubbed [|Rollkugel]. ||
 * SIG-100 terminal with Rollkugel, October 02, 1968  ||~ ||^ ||

=Chess Programs=
 * Daja by Siegfried Jahn and Ludwig Zagler,  Technical University of Munich, 1974
 * Elsa by Ludwig Zagler, Technical University of Munich, 1977
 * Schach MV 5,6 by Helmut Richter, University of Hamburg, 1971

=See also=
 * Jugend Forscht - Wolfgang Stahn and Kai Himstedt
 * TR-4

=Publications=
 * [|Friedrich v. Sydow], Gunter Stadie, et al. (**1970**). //[|TR440 System Overview]//. [|Internet Archive] (German)
 * Eike Jessen, Dieter Michel, [|Hans-Jürgen Siegert], Heinz Voigt (**2010**). //[|The AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer: Company and Large-Scale Computer Strategy]//. IEEE Annals, Vol. 32, No. 3
 * Eike Jessen, Dieter Michel, [|Hans-Jürgen Siegert], Heinz Voigt (**2010**). //[|Structure, Technology, and Development of the AEG-Telefunken TR 440 Computer]//. IEEE Annals, Vol. 32, No. 3
 * [|Hans-Jürgen Siegert] (**2010**). //[|The German TR 440 Computer: Software and Its Development]//. IEEE Annals, Vol. 32, No. 3

=External Links=

TR 440
> [|TR 440 Große Befehlsliste - Instruction Set List] (pdf) > [|TR 440 images] > [|TR 440 kernspeicher] (core memory)
 * [|TR 440 from Wikipedia.de] (German)
 * [|Aeg-Telefunken :: TR440 :: N31.B0.04E TR-440 Intro Mar71 : Free Download & Streaming], [|Internet Archive]
 * [|Index of /pdf/aeg-telefunken/tr440] from [|bitsavers.org]
 * [|Virtuelles Computermuseum] by Hartwig Becker with TR 440 text and images (German)

Computerwoche on TR 440

 * [|Politische Aufträge für deutsche Großrechner], October 03, 1975, Computerwoche (German)
 * [|Nach Unidata-Ende: TR 440 statt Iris 80: Deutsches Geld für deutschen Rechner], October 10, 1975, Computerwoche
 * [|Computerschach: Mini besiegt Maxi], October 17, 1975, Computerwoche » First GI Computer Chess Tournament
 * [|Leibniz-Rechenzentrum braucht 39fache TR-440-Leistung: Polit-Gerangel um 30-Millionen-Jumbo], October 31, 1975, Computerwoche
 * [|PL1-Compiler für TR 440], January 09, 1976, Computerwoche
 * [|TR 440 - Rechnerverbund], June 04, 1976, Computerwoche
 * [|Amdahl 470 V6 für Oberpfaffenhofen], October 08, 1976, Computerwoche » Amdahl 470v/6
 * [|STARG-Tagung in Konstanz:: Erfahrungsaustausch der TR-440-Benutzer], October 06, 1978, Computerwoche
 * [|Umstellungshilfe mit BMFT-Förderung:: Ausmusterung der TR440 erleichtert], March 12, 1982, Computerwoche
 * [|DV-OIdies: Antiquität oder leistungsgerechtes System], August 29, 1986, Computerwoche
 * [|Heimatlose Sammlung bald unter einem neuen Dach: Computermuseum Schleswig-Holstein geht an die FH Kiel], July 06, 1990, Computerwoche
 * [|Prof. Eike Jessen, TU München - Die wichtigsten deutschen IT-Persönlichkeiten: Die Hall of Fame der IT], August 21, 2014, Computerwoche

=References= =What links here?= include page="TR 440" component="backlinks" limit="30"
 * Up one Level**