Piece-Sets

a set-wise representation with one bit for each piece inside a 32-bit word. Piece-sets have some similarities with bitboards, but each set bit does not directly associate a square, but an index inside a piece-list. Thus to get the square, one additional indirection is necessary. Often the bit-position of a piece-set directly implies the information, what type and color the piece is - while bitboards usually maintains distinct sets for different pieces. That has advantages for instance in static exchange evaluation, if one maintains an attack-set as incremental updated array or 64 piece-sets for each square. || toc =Serialization= Techniques to traverse piece-sets are similar to bitboard serialization, but of course more 32-bit friendly. Same applies for general set-wise operations.
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=Move Generation= As proposed by Andrew Tridgell and used in KnightCap, piece-sets can be used to generate moves, as seen in the move generation code of Dorpsgek by Matthew R. Brades, with some code omitted: code format="cpp" /* Iterate over all squares */ for (dest = 0; dest < 64; dest++) {

/* Do we have any pieces attacking this square? */       if ((index = (b->bitlist[dest] & b->sidemask[b->side]))) {

/* Yes, we do, iterate over them. */           while (index) { bit = BitScanForward(index); /* Retrieve index of lowest attacker. */               from = b->piecelist[bit];    /* Retrieve the square it is on. */               type = (b->board[dest] == INVALID) ? MoveTypeNormal : MoveTypeCapture; /* Check if capture */ index &= index - 1; /* Reset LSB */

/* Don't allow own-piece captures. */               if (type == MoveTypeCapture && ((1 << b->index[dest]) & b->sidemask[b->side])) { continue; }

/* Pawn related code */ if ((1 << bit) & b->piecemask[PAWN]) {

/* En-passant captures can move to nothing, so we avoid skipping them */ if (b->ep != INVALID && dest == b->ep) { if ((b->side == WHITE && ROW(from) == 4) ||                               (b->side == BLACK && ROW(from) == 3)) { type = MoveTypeEnPassant; }                   }                    /* Don't allow pawns to capture diagonally when there is nothing to capture. */                   if (type == MoveTypeNormal) { continue; }

/* Captures with promotion */ if ((b->side == WHITE && ROW(from) == 6) ||                           (b->side == BLACK && ROW(from) == 1)) { AddMove(m, &movecount, from, dest, MoveTypePromotionKnight); AddMove(m, &movecount, from, dest, MoveTypePromotionBishop); AddMove(m, &movecount, from, dest, MoveTypePromotionRook); AddMove(m, &movecount, from, dest, MoveTypePromotionQueen); continue; }               }

/* Add this move to the list and increment the pointer. */               AddMove(m, &movecount, from, dest, type); }       }    } code

=See also=
 * 32-bit BitScan by Kim Walisch
 * Attack and Defend Maps
 * Chest
 * IsiChess
 * KnightCap
 * Piece-Lists

=Forum Posts=
 * [|Re: Bit Board Bonkers?? - other alternatives] by Andrew Tridgell, rgcc, August 9, 1997
 * [|Nomenclature suggestion: Bit target programs] by Steven Edwards, CCC, December 31, 2014
 * [|PieceLists ?] by Mahmoud Uthman, CCC, February 10, 2017

=References= =What links here?= include page="Piece-Sets" component="backlinks" limit="100"
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