Playing+Strength

of a chess player, or chess playing entity, program or engine, reflects the ability to win against other players, given by a number or other element of an [|ordered set] such as an [|Elo number].
 * Home * Chess * Playing Strength**
 * [[image:FlottmannDragonSnakeIII.JPG link="http://wiki.huen-un-perduen.de/index.php?title=Datei:Flottmann04.jpg"]] ||~ || **Playing Strength**, (Performance, Skill Level)

The ability to solve test-positions, that is, finding the specified, likely one and only best move, might be an indicator for various particular engine skills, but does not necessarily correlate with playing strength. In his //Parallelism and Selectivity in Game Tree Search// lecture, Tord Romstad introduced the //Worst Moves Observation// (**WMO**), which states the practical playing strength is not primarily determined by the quality of the players best moves nor average moves, but by the quality of the players worst moves. || toc =Measuring= A [|statistical valid] method to measure playing strength within a defined [|confidence interval] is to play an appropriate huge number of games with both sides versus a wide range of different opponents with symmetric time constraints, and to apply match statistics. Performance isn't measured absolutely; it is inferred from wins, losses, and draws against other players or engines. Players' rating depend on the ratings of their opponents, and the results scored against them. While relative playing strength of chess engines is not strictly transmissive over various time controls, the number of games played is more relevant than their duration, the todays de facto standard in measuring playing strength is parallel playing [|fast chess] with (ultra) short time control, such as [|blitz], [|bullet] or even [|lightning] chess, as for instance used in the Fishtest framework of Stockfish.
 * Dragon and Snake on ambos ||~ ||^ ||

=Strength= The strength of a chess program depends on many things, the quality and efficiency of the algorithms involved to determine the best move of a position, the balance of the so called search versus knowledge tradeoff to evaluate or compare leaf nodes of a search tree, how to shape that tree and to propagate a score up to the root, and time management, that is how to allocate time for searching a move under time control requirements. Time used is roughly proportional to the number of visited nodes of the common depth-first search inside an iterative deepening frame, which [|grows exponentially] by its effective branching factor raised to the power of search depth. Playing strength might be improved over the (playing) time due to learning algorithms.

=See also=
 * Automated Tuning
 * Depth
 * Depth | Diminishing Returns
 * Engine Rating Lists
 * Engine Testing
 * Knowledge
 * Learning
 * Match Statistics
 * Opponent Model Search
 * Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo
 * Pondering
 * Search Pathology
 * Search with Random Leaf Values
 * Test-Positions
 * Time Management
 * Who is the Master?

=Publications=

1970 ...

 * [|F. Donald Bloss] (**1973**). //[|Rate your own Chess]//. Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc.
 * Tony Marsland, Paul Rushton (**1973**). //[|Mechanisms for Comparing Chess Programs].// ACM Annual Conference, [|pdf]
 * Peter W. Frey (ed.) (**1977**). //Chess Skill in Man and Machine//. Springer, New York, N.Y. 2nd ed. 1983
 * James Gillogly (**1978**). //Performance Analysis of the Technology Chess Program//. Ph.D. Thesis. Tech. Report CMU-CS-78-189, Carnegie Mellon University, [|CMU-CS-77 pdf] » Tech
 * [|Arpad Elo] (**1978**). //The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present//. Arco Publications
 * Don Beal (**1978**). //Handicapping Computer Chess Programs//. ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 2
 * David Cahlander (**1979**). //Strength of a Chess Playing Computer//. ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 1
 * Jack Good (**1979**). //On the Grading of Chess Players//. Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 47
 * Gary L. Ratliff (**1979**). //Practical Rating Program//. Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 62 » Bloss
 * Frieder Schwenkel (**1979**). //Berating the ratings system//. Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 11, pp. 77 » Ratliff, Bloss
 * John Shaposka (**1979**). //"JS" Takes the Bloss Test//. Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 75 » Ratliff, Bloss
 * Editor (**1979**). //Chess Ratings from Problem Solving//. Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 77 » CAPS II, Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies

1980 ...

 * Floyd R. Kirk (**1980**). //Bloss Flunks Test//. Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 72 » Ratliff, Bloss
 * David E. Welsh (**1980**). //Rating Boris 2.5//. Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10, pp. 78 » Boris 2.5
 * W. W. Foster (**1980**). //Six Test Problems for Chess Playing Machines//. Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 10, pp. 81
 * David E. Welsh (**1980**). //Rating Boris 2.5 - Part II//. Personal Computing, Vol. 4, No. 11, pp. 87
 * Ken Thompson (**1982**). //Computer Chess Strength//. Advances in Computer Chess 3
 * Ivan Bratko, Danny Kopec (**1982**). //A Test for Comparison of Human and Computer Performance in Chess.// Advances in Computer Chess 3
 * Danny Kopec, Ivan Bratko (**1982**). //The Bratko-Kopec experiment: a comparison of human and computer performance in chess//. Advances in Computer Chess 3
 * Danny Kopec, Enrique Irazoqui, Ivan Bratko (**1983**). //The Updated Bratko-Kopec Test.// Computer Chess Digest Annual pp. 45-63
 * Alexander Szabo (**1984**). //[|Computer-Chess Tactics and Strategy]//. M.Sc. Thesis, [|University of British Columbia], [|pdf]
 * Göran Grottling (**1984**). //The Truth about their Strength//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4
 * Göran Grottling (**1985**). //How to Bracket the Truth in Playing Strength//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1
 * Monroe Newborn (**1985**). //A Hypothesis Concerning the Strength of Chess Programs//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4
 * Peter W. Frey (**1986**). //Algorithmic Strategies for Improving the Performance of Game-Playing Programs//. In [|Doyne Farmer], Alan Lapedes, [|Norman Packard], Burton Wendroff (Ed.) (**1986**). //Evolution, Games and Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature//. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual International Conference of the Center, [|Elsevier]
 * Hans Berliner, Gordon Goetsch, Murray Campbell, Carl Ebeling (**1989**). //Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs//. Advances in Computer Chess 5
 * Eric Hallsworth (**1989**). //Playing Levels//. Computer Chess News Sheet 23, pp 2, [|pdf] hosted by Mike Watters

1990 ...

 * Hans Berliner, Gordon Goetsch, Murray Campbell, Carl Ebeling (**1990**). //Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs.// [|Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 43, No. 1
 * Eric Hallsworth (**1990**). //Speed, Processors and Ratings//. Computer Chess News Sheet 25, pp 6, [|pdf] hosted by Mike Watters
 * Hans Berliner, Danny Kopec, Ed Northam (**1991**). //A taxonomy of concepts for evaluating chess strength: examples from two difficult categories//. Advances in Computer Chess 6, [|pdf]
 * Steve Maughan (**1992**). //Are You Sure It's Better?// Selective Search 40, pp. 21, [|pdf] hosted by Mike Watters
 * Warren D. Smith (**1993**). //Rating Systems for Gameplayers, and Learning//. [|ps]
 * Luis Antunes, Luis Moniz, Carlos Azevedo (**1993**). //[|Rb+: the Dynamic Estimation of the Opponent's Strength]//. [|INESC-ID], [|Lisbon], [|Portugal] » RB
 * Robert Hyatt, Monroe Newborn (**1997**). //CRAFTY Goes Deep//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2 » Crafty

2000 ...

 * Ernst A. Heinz (**2000**). //[|New Self-Play Results in Computer Chess]//. CG 2000
 * Ernst A. Heinz (**2001**). //Self-play Experiments in Computer Chess Revisited.// Advances in Computer Games 9
 * Ernst A. Heinz (**2001**). //Modeling the “Go Deep” Behaviour of CRAFTY and DARK THOUGHT.// Advances in Computer Games 9 » Crafty, Dark Thought
 * Ernst A. Heinz (**2001**). //Self-Play, Deep Search and Diminishing Returns.// ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2
 * Guy Haworth (**2002**). //[|Self-play: Statistical Significance]//. 7th Computer Olympiad Workshop
 * Guy Haworth (**2002**). //Reference Fallible Endgame Play//. 7th Computer Olympiad Workshop, [|pdf]
 * Guy Haworth (**2003**). //[|Self-Play: Statistical Significance]//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2
 * Ernst A. Heinz (**2003**). //Follow-Up on Self-Play, Deep Search, and Diminishing Returns.// ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2

2005 ...

 * Jan Renze Steenhuisen (**2005**). //New Results in Deep-Search Behaviour//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4, [|pdf]
 * Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (**2006**). //Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2, [|pdf]
 * Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (**2006**). //[|Computer Analysis of Chess Champions]//. CG 2006
 * Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (**2007**). //Factors affecting diminishing returns for searching deeper//. CGW 2007 » Crafty, Rybka, Shredder, Diminishing Returns
 * Shogo Takeuchi, Tomoyuki Kaneko, Kazunori Yamaguchi, Satoru Kawai (**2007**). //Visualization and Adjustment of Evaluation Functions Based on Evaluation Values and Win Probability//. [|AAAI 2007], [|pdf]
 * Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (**2007**). //Factors affecting diminishing returns for searching deeper//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2, [|pdf]
 * Matej Guid, Aritz Pérez, Ivan Bratko (**2007**). //How trustworthy is Crafty's analysis of world chess champions//? CGW 2007 » Crafty
 * Matej Guid, Aritz Pérez, Ivan Bratko (**2008**). //How trustworthy is Crafty's analysis of world chess champions//? ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3, [|pdf]
 * Rémi Coulom (**2008**). //[|Whole-History Rating: A Bayesian Rating System for Players of Time-Varying Strength]//. CG 2008
 * Giuseppe Di Fatta, Guy McCrossan Haworth, Kenneth Wingate Regan (**2009**). //Skill Rating by Bayesian Inference//. [|CIDM 2009], [|pdf]
 * Guy McCrossan Haworth, Kenneth Wingate Regan, Giuseppe Di Fatta (**2009**). //Performance and Prediction: Bayesian Modelling of Fallible Choice in Chess//. Advances in Computer Games 12, [|pdf]

2010 ...

 * Diogo R. Ferreira (**2010**). //[|Predicting the Outcome of Chess Games based on Historical Data]//. [|IST] - [|Technical University of Lisbon]
 * Matej Guid (**2010**). //Search and Knowledge for Human and Machine Problem Solving//. Ph.D. thesis, University of Ljubljana
 * Kenneth W. Regan, Guy Haworth (**2011**). //[|Intrinsic Chess Ratings]//. [|AAAI 2011], [|pdf], [|slides as pdf]
 * Kenneth Wingate Regan, Bartłomiej Macieja, Guy McCrossan Haworth (**2011**). //[|Understanding Distributions of Chess Performances]//. Advances in Computer Games 13, [|pdf]
 * Trevor Fenner, Mark Levene, George Loizou (**2011**). //A Discrete Evolutionary Model for Chess Players' Ratings//. [|Physics and Society], [|arXiv:1103.1530v2]
 * Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (**2011**). //Using Heuristic-Search Based Engines for Estimating Human Skill at Chess//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2
 * Rémi Coulom (**2012**). //Paired Comparisons with Ties: Modeling Game Outcomes in Chess//. [|pdf preprint]
 * Diogo R. Ferreira (**2012**). //Determining the Strength of Chess Players based on actual Play//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1
 * Diogo R. Ferreira (**2013**). //The Impact of the Search Depth on Chess Playing Strength//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 2
 * Erik Varend (**2014**). //Quality of play in chess and methods for measuring//. [|pdf]

2015 ...

 * Shogo Takeuchi, Tomoyuki Kaneko (**2015**). //[|Estimating Ratings of Computer Players by the Evaluation Scores and Principal Variations in Shogi]//. [|ACIT-CSI]
 * Guy Haworth, Tamal T. Biswas, Kenneth W. Regan (**2015**). //[|A Comparative Review of Skill Assessment: Performance, Prediction and Profiling]//. Advances in Computer Games 14
 * Chu-Hsuan Hsueh, I-Chen Wu, Wen-Jie Tseng, Shi-Jim Yen, Jr-Chang Chen (**2015**). //Strength Improvement and Analysis for an MCTS-Based Chinese Dark Chess Program//. Advances in Computer Games 14
 * Jean-Marc Alliot (**2017**). //Who is the Master//? ICGA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1, [|draft as pdf] » Stockfish, Who is the Master?

=Forum Posts=

1990 ...

 * [|Weakest Chess Program needed] by Jones Maxime Murphy, rgc, November 12, 1991
 * [|Estimating Playing Strength of Computers (was: Re: Rating of Radio Shack 1650)] by Peter Marko, rgc, September 15, 1992 » SciSys Explorer
 * [|Rating boundaries] by Kevin Stokker, rgc, January 14, 1993
 * [|Cognitive Psychology and Chess Skill] by John Rummel, rgc, June 07, 1994 » Cognition

1995 ...

 * [|Primitive Chess Program] by David Ewart, rgc, June 09, 1995
 * [|Rating of perfect chess] by an18...@anon.penet.fi, rgc, July 17, 1995
 * [|Theoretical chess rating question...] by Cyber Linguist, rgcc, April 17, 1996
 * [|Statistical validity of medium-length match results] by Bruce Moreland, rgcc, February 15, 1997
 * [|ELO performance?] by Stefan Meyer-Kahlen, CCC, May 22, 1999 » Match Statistics, Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo
 * [|from "Scacco": No steps forward in Computer Chess in the Last years !?] by Gianluigi Masciulli, CCC, September 18, 1999

2000 ...

 * [|Strength of the engine in chess programs] by Rolf Tueschen, CCC, May 20, 2002
 * [|Value of playing different versions of a program against each other] by Tom King, CCC, January 06, 2003 » Engine Testing
 * [|Rules of thumb for strength estimation?] by Albert Bertilsson, CCC, April 25, 2003

2005 ...
> [|Re: A thought about ratings] by Don Dailey, [|Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007 > [|Re: A thought about ratings] by Edward de Grijs, [|Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007 > [|Re: A thought about ratings] by Don Dailey, [|Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007
 * [|bayeselo: new Elo-rating tool, applied to CCT7] by Rémi Coulom, CCC, February 13, 2005 » CCT7
 * [|a beat b,b beat c,c beat a question] by Uri Blass, CCC, May 16, 2007
 * [|A thought about ratings] by Dave Dyer, [|Computer Go Archive], December 10, 2007 » Go
 * 2008**
 * [|Glaurung Mac OS X: New GUI, now with adjustable strength.] by Tord Romstad, CCC, May 18, 2008 » Glaurung
 * [|Artificial stupidity - making a program play badly] by Tord Romstad, CCC, May 20, 2008
 * [|New testing thread] by Robert Hyatt, CCC, August 07, 2008 » Engine Testing
 * [|Hardware vs Software] by Charles Roberson, CCC, December 02, 2008
 * 2009**
 * [|Speed/ELO relationship, and question to engine programmers] by Russell Reagan, CCC, March 02, 2009
 * [|Elo Calcuation] by Edmund Moshammer, CCC, April 19, 2009
 * [|different kinds of testing] by Don Dailey, CCC, November 09, 2009

2010 ...

 * [|How to reduce playing strenght to play against humans] by Fermin Serrano, CCC, March 05, 2010
 * [|Current skill command (Crafty) results] by Robert Hyatt, CCC, July 21, 2010 » Crafty
 * [|harware vs software advances] by Don Dailey, CCC, September 08, 2010
 * [|hardware advances - a different perspective] by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 09, 2010
 * [|old crafty vs new crafty on new hardware] by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 11, 2010
 * [|Crafty tests show that Software has advanced more] by Don Dailey, CCC, September 12, 2010
 * [|Final results - Crafty - hardware vs software] by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 13, 2010
 * [|Deep Blue vs Rybka] by Don Dailey, CCC, September 13, 2010 » Deep Blue, Rybka
 * 2011**
 * [|Ply vs ELO] by Andriy Dzyben, CCC, June 28, 2011
 * [|Increase in Elo ..Question For The Experts] by Steve B, CCC, December 05, 2011
 * 2012**
 * [|StockFish LS with LimitStrength feature] by Alexander Schmidt, CCC, January 01, 2012 » Stockfish
 * [|Depth vs playing strength] by David Whitten, CCC, January 09, 2012
 * [|Reducing Strength] by Ted Wong, CCC, March 15, 2012
 * [|Human Elo ratings: averages and standard deviations] by Jesús Muñoz, CCC, March 18, 2012
 * [|Elo versus speed] by Peter Österlund, CCC, April 02, 2012
 * [|Rybka odds matches and the strength of engines] by Kai Laskos, CCC, June 09, 2012 » Rybka
 * [|Elo points gain from doubling time] by Kai Laskos, CCC, December 10, 2012
 * [|A word for casual testers] by Don Dailey, CCC, December 25, 2012
 * 2013**
 * [|Noise in ELO estimators: a quantitative approach] by Marco Costalba, CCC, January 06, 2013
 * [|Scaling at 2x nodes (or doubling time control)] by Kai Laskos, CCC, July 23, 2013 » Doubling TC, Diminishing Returns, Playing Strength, Houdini
 * [|How much elo is pondering worth] by Michel Van den Bergh, CCC, August 07, 2013 » Pondering
 * [|Contempt and the ELO model] by Michel Van den Bergh, CCC, September 05, 2013 » Contempt Factor
 * [|ELO rating and thinking time] by Henk van den Belt, CCC, November 22, 2013
 * 2014**
 * [|Playing strength development - increasing time control] by Andreas Strangmüller, CCC, April 17, 2014
 * [|How many Elo points change for a doubling of uP time?] by Jay Rodrequez, CCC, August 14, 2014
 * [|Using the Stockfish position evaluation score to predict victory probability] by unavoidablegrain, [|Tumblr], September 28, 2014 » Pawn Advantage, Win Percentage, and Elo, Stockfish
 * [|Elo estimation using quasi-Monte Carlo integration] by Branko Radovanovic, CCC, September 30, 2014
 * [|Questions regarding rating systems of humans and engines] by Erik Varend, CCC, December 06, 2014

2015 ...
> [|About expected scores and draw ratios] by Jesús Muñoz, CCC, September 17, 2016 > [|Re: "Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth --] by Kenneth Regan, CCC, November 20, 2017 » Who is the Master?
 * [|How to dumb down/weaken/humanize an engine algorithmically?] by Dominik Klein, CCC, January 18, 2015
 * [|computing elo of multiple chess engines] by Alexandru Mosoi, CCC, August 09, 2015
 * [|Name for elo without draws] by Marcel van Kervinck, CCC, September 02, 2015
 * [|The future of chess and elo ratings] by Larry Kaufman, CCC, September 20, 2015
 * [|ELO error margin] by Fabio Gobbato, CCC, October 17, 2015
 * [|testing multiple versions & elo calculation] by Folkert van Heusden, CCC, October 27, 2015
 * 2016**
 * [|a direct comparison of FIDE and CCRL rating systems] by Erik Varend, CCC, February 22, 2016 » FIDE, CCRL
 * [|Computer Chess Strength] by John Fishburn, CCC, February 28, 2016
 * [|How much benefit from opening book?] by John Fishburn, CCC, March 06, 2016 » Opening Book
 * [|Computer chess progress over say the last 20 years?] by Martin Fierz, CCC, March 10, 2016
 * [|Computer chess progress over the last 20 years!] by Martin Fierz, CCC, March 13, 2016
 * [|Computer Chess Progress: Stockfish 7 vs Ruffian 1.0.5] by Martin Fierz, CCC, March 17, 2016 » Stockfish, Ruffian
 * [|skill levels] by Alexandru Mosoi, CCC, April 28, 2016
 * [|Strategies for weaker play levels] by Evert Glebbeek, CCC, June 28, 2016
 * [| ELO inflation ha ha ha] by Henk van den Belt, CCC, September 16, 2016 » Delphil, Stockfish, Match Statistics, TCEC Season 9
 * [|Perfect play] by Patrik Karlsson, CCC, September 28, 2016
 * [|Doubling of time control] by Andreas Strangmüller, CCC, October 21, 2016 » Doubling TC, Diminishing Returns, Playing Strength, Komodo
 * [|Stockfish 8 - Double time control vs. 2 threads] by Andreas Strangmüller, CCC, November 15, 2016 » Doubling TC, Diminishing Returns, Playing Strength, Stockfish
 * [|L3 cache, RAM and other performance factors] by Nimzy, Rybka Forum, December 04, 2016 » Memory
 * [|Absolute ELO scale] by Nicu Ionita, CCC, December 17, 2016
 * [|Diminishing returns and hyperthreading] by Kai Laskos, CCC, December 27, 2016 » Diminishing Returns, Match Statistics, Thread
 * 2017**
 * [|Progress in 30 years by four intervals of 7-8 years] by Kai Laskos, CCC, January 19, 2017 » Match Statistics
 * [|Crafty Play By Elo ( Crafty v25.3)] by Michael B, CCC, January 23, 2017 » Crafty
 * [|6-men Syzygy from HDD and USB 3.0] by Kai Laskos, CCC, April 04, 2017 » Komodo, Syzygy Bases, USB 3.0
 * [|Scaling of engines from FGRL rating list] by Kai Laskos, CCC, April 07, 2017 » FGRL
 * [|Low impact of opening phase in engine play?] by Kai Laskos, CCC, April 18, 2017 » Opening
 * [|How to simulate a game outcome given Elo difference?] by Nicu Ionita, CCC, April 25, 2017
 * [|Wilo rating properties from FGRL rating lists] by Kai Laskos, CCC, May 01, 2017 » FGRL
 * [|RAM speed and engine strength] by John Hartmann, CCC, May 03, 2017 » RAM
 * [|Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) scaling - SF8 and K10.4] by Andreas Strangmüller, CCC, May 05, 2017 » Lazy SMP, Komodo, Stockfish
 * [|Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) scaling - K10.4 Contempt=0] by Andreas Strangmüller, CCC, May 11, 2017 » SMP, Komodo, Contempt Factor
 * [|Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) scaling - SF8 Contempt=10] by Andreas Strangmüller, CCC, May 13, 2017 » SMP, Stockfish, Contempt Factor
 * [|Another attempt at comparing Evals ELO-wise] by Kai Laskos, CCC, May 22, 2017 » Evaluation
 * [|Testing endgame strength] by Álvaro Begué, CCC, June 21, 2017 » Endgame, Engine Testing, RuyDos
 * [|Invariance with time control of rating schemes] by Kai Laskos, CCC, July 22, 2017
 * [|Ways to avoid "Draw Death" in Computer Chess] by Kai Laskos, CCC, July 25, 2017
 * [|ELO measurements] by Peter Österlund, CCC, August 06, 2017 » Lazy SMP, Parallel Search
 * [|an interesting study from Erik Varend] by scandien, Hiarcs Forum, August 13, 2017
 * [|Wall and Regression] by Srdja Matovic, CCC, August 31, 2017
 * [|Scaling from FGRL results with top 3 engines] by Kai Laskos, CCC, September 26, 2017 » FGRL, Houdini, Komodo, Stockfish
 * [|"Intrinsic Chess Ratings" by Regan, Haworth -- seq] by Kai Middleton, CCC, November 19, 2017
 * [|ELO progression measured by year] by Ed Schroder, CCC, December 13, 2017
 * 2018**
 * [|Is modern chess software lossless or lossy?] by Meni Rosenfeld, CCC, January 10, 2018 » Selectivity
 * [|Feed bayeselo with pure game results without PGN] by Sergei S. Markoff, CCC, March 08, 2018
 * [|Elo measurement of contempt in SF in self-play] by Michel Van den Bergh, CCC, March 10, 2018 » Contempt, Stockfish
 * [|Time control envelope in top engines could be improved?] by Kai Laskos, CCC, March 13, 2018 » Time Management
 * [|LCZero: Progress and Scaling. Relation to CCRL Elo] by Kai Laskos, CCC, March 28, 2018 » LCZero
 * [|Elostat Question] by Michael Sherwin, CCC, March 30, 2018

=External Links=

Chess Player

 * [|Adolf Anderssen - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
 * [|Magnus Carlsen - Rating from Wikipedia]
 * [|Garry Kasparov Chess ratings achievements from Wikipedia]
 * [|Fred Reinfeld | Playing strength from Wikipedia]
 * [|József Szén | Playing strength from Wikipedia]

Chess Engines

 * [|Chess engine - Increasing strength from Wikipedia]
 * [|ChessGenius - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
 * [|Chess Tiger - Playing strength from Wikipedia]
 * [|Komodo (chess) - Playing strength and style from Wikipedia]
 * [|MChess Pro - Playing strength from Wikipedia]

Analysis

 * [|Computers choose: who was the strongest player?], ChessBase News, October 30, 2006
 * [|Computer analysis of world champions] by Søren Riis, ChessBase News, November 02, 2006
 * [|Chessanalysis homepage] by Erik Varend

Rating Systems

 * [|Chess rating system from Wikipedia]
 * [|Chessmetrics from Wikipedia]
 * [|Elo rating system from Wikipedia]
 * [|Elo Win Probability Calculator] by François Labelle
 * [|Arpad Elo and the Elo Rating System] by Dan Ross, ChessBase News, December 16, 2007
 * [|Kirr's Chess Engine Comparison KCEC - Draw rate] » KCEC
 * [|Who is the Master?] by Jean-Marc Alliot » Who is the Master?
 * [|How Should Chess Players Be Rated?] by [|Martin Koppe], [|CNRS News], April 25, 2017
 * [|Ranking chess players according to the quality of their moves] by Frederic Friedel, ChessBase News, April 27, 2017
 * [|Rating List Stats] by Ed Schroder » CCRL, Match Statistics

Misc
> media type="youtube" key="4Q3uPysQaZY"
 * [|Strength from Wikipedia]
 * [|Strength of schedule from Wikipedia]
 * [|go from strength to strength - Wiktionary]
 * [|Spielstärke | Wikipedia.de] (German)
 * [|Sports rating system from Wikipedia]
 * [|Performance (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
 * [|performance - Wiktionary]
 * [|Playing Strength and Gender at Sensei's Library]
 * [|Ranking from Wikipedia]
 * [|regression - Wiktionary]
 * [|Skill from Wikipedia]
 * Chicago - [|Feelin' Stronger Every Day] (1973), [|YouTube] Video

=References= =What links here?= include page="Playing Strength" component="backlinks" limit="120"
 * Up one Level**