EPAM

an early computer model of [|rote learning] by the method of [|paired associates], first conceived by Herbert Simon and Allen Newell during their early conception about computer simulation of cognitive processes in the 50s, implemented as computer program by Edward Feigenbaum in the late 50s in [|IPL-V] for the IBM 704 and IBM 7090, as topic of his Ph.D. thesis at Carnegie Mellon University. In terms of psychology and [|behaviorism] EPAM associates responses with external [|stimuli], quite similar to [|classical conditioning].
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 * [[image:epamnet.jpg width="276" height="349"]] ||~  || **EPAM**, (Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer)

EPAM learns by growing a [|discrimination] [|net] kept in long-term memory, a [|tree-like structure] whose [|nodes] contain tests that may be applied to objects that have been described as bundles of [|perceptual] features. In EPAM III, introduced in 1964, the test nodes were generalized as n-ary switch instead of binary of EPAM II. When a familiar object is perceived, it is recognized by being sorted through the EPAM net. At the terminal nodes of the EPAM net, partial "images" are stored, also in the form of feature bundles of the objects sorted to the respective terminals, together with other information about the objects, such as [|cue] information, used to feed back into the net recursively.

Thus, EPAM has a recursive structure. Any object, once familiarized and incorporated into the net, can itself serve as a perceptual feature of a more complex object. For instance in the domain of chess, once the various types of chess pieces and their proximity become familiarized, these can become features of more complex configurations, i.e. a "fianchettoed castled Black King's position". Once familiarized, such a complex can, in turn, serve as a perceptual feature of a still more complex pattern, finally the entire chess position. || toc =The EPAM Simulation= Excerpt from //Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer: Review of Experiments// :
 * EPAM discrimination net ||~  ||^   ||

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=MAPP= EPAM was influential in formalizing the concept of chunking. It was used in the MAPP (Memory-aided Pattern Perceiver) program by Simon and Gilmartin to simulate the chess board reconstruction task. An EPAM net was stimulated by the piece [|fixation] of the eye movement simulation program Perceiver, to recognize cluster of pieces surrounding the fixated piece as a familar chunk. In the perception phase up to seven symbols designating these chunks were stored in short-term memory. In the reconstruction phase, the EPAM net was used to decode the symbols held in short-term memory into locational information for each of the pieces in a chunk. In various experiments, MAPP was able to reconstruct positions with 73% accuracy processes used to reconstruct a chess position ||
 * [[image:Mapp.jpg link="http://snitkof.com/cg156/chesschunkingtheory.php"]] ||
 * A schematic representation of the principle components of MAPP shows the learning and performance

=CHREST= The EPAM concept was further influential for Fernand Gobet's CHREST (Chunk Hierarchy and REtrieval STructures) architecture, applied in Gobet's and Jansen's pattern learning chess program CHUMP.

=See also=
 * CHREST
 * CHUMP
 * Chunking
 * Learning
 * MAPP
 * Neural Networks
 * Pattern Recognition

=Publicatons=

1959

 * Edward Feigenbaum (**1959**). //[|An Information Processing Theory of Verbal Learning]//. [|RAND Paper]

1960 ...

 * Edward Feigenbaum (**1960**). //Information Theories of Human Verbal Learning//. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, advisor Herbert Simon
 * Edward Feigenbaum (**1961**). //[|The Simulation of Verbal Learning Behavior]//. Proceedings Western Joint Conference, Vol. 19
 * Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (**1961**). //Performance of a Reading Task by an Elementary Perceiving and Memorizing Program//. [|RAND Paper], [|pdf]
 * Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (**1961**). //[|Forgetting in an association memory]//. ACM '61, [|pdf]
 * Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (**1962**). //A Theory of the Serial Position Effect//. [|British Journal of Psychology], Vol. 53, 307-32, [|pdf]
 * Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (**1963**). //[|Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer: Review of Experiments]//. in Symposium on Simulation Models
 * Herbert Simon, Edward Feigenbaum (**1964**). //An Information-processing Theory of Some Effects of Similarity, Familiarization, and Meaningfulness in Verbal Learning//. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, Vol. 3, No. 5, [|pdf]

1970 ...

 * Herbert Simon, Kevin J. Gilmartin (**1973**). //A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions//. [|Cognitive Psychology], Vol. 5
 * Herbert Simon, William Chase (**1973**). //Skill in Chess//. [|American Scientist], Vol. 61, No. 4, Reprinted (**1988**) in Computer Chess Compendium, [|pdf]
 * Herbert Simon (**1974**). //How big is a chunk//? [|Science], Vol. 183, [|pdf]

1980 ...

 * [|Lawrence W. Barsalou], [|Gordon H. Bower] (**1984**). //[|Discrimination Nets as Psychological Models]//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 8, No. 1
 * Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (**1984**). //[|EPAMlike models of recognition and learning]//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 8, 305-336, [|pdf]

1990 ...

 * Howard B. Richman, James J. Staszewski, Herbert Simon (**1995**). //[|Simulation of Expert Memory with EPAM IV]//. Psychological Review, Vol. 102
 * Fernand Gobet, Howard B. Richman, James J. Staszewski, Herbert Simon (**1997**). //Goals, Representations, and Strategies in a Concept Attainment Task: The EPAM model//. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 37, [|pdf]

2000 ...

 * Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (**2000**). //[|Five Seconds or Sixty? Presentation Time in Expert Memory]//. [|Cognitive Science], Vol. 24, No. 4
 * Fernand Gobet, Peter Lane, [|Steve Croker], [|Peter C-H. Cheng], [|Gary Jones], [|Iain Oliver], [|Julian M. Pine] (**2001**). //[|Chunking mechanisms in human learning]//. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 6
 * Fernand Gobet (**2005**). //[|Chunking Models of Expertise: Implications for Education]//. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 2

=External Links= > featuring [|Kristina Koropecki], [|Charlotte Danhier], [|Catherine De Biasio] > media type="youtube" key="bHZXsiNh4mA"
 * [|EPAM from Wikipedia]
 * [|Expertise in Memory - EPAM Model] by [|Victor Long], [|Chandra Singh] and [|David Snitkof], [|Brown University]
 * [|Expertise in Memory - Evidence for Chunking Theory] by [|Victor Long], [|Chandra Singh] and [|David Snitkof], [|Brown University]
 * Agnes Obel - [|Familiar], [|Alcaline], November 07, 2016, [|YouTube] Video

=References= =What links here?= include page="EPAM" component="backlinks" limit="60"
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