Knowledge


 * Home * Knowledge**
 * [[image:Knowledgeable.jpg width="301" height="207" link="http://www.chgs.umn.edu/museum/responses/bak/chess.html"]] ||~  || **Knowledge** is the possession of information, its acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: [|perception], learning, [|communication], [|association] and [|reasoning].

Inside a chess program, knowledge is manifested either as [|procedural] or as [|declarative knowledge]. The declarative [|a priori] knowledge about the rules of chess is immanent inside the move generator in conjunction with check detection. Further declarative knowledge is coded as [|rules of thumb] of the evaluation function, as well as persistent perfect knowledge from retrograde analysis, or as [|empirical] knowledge mostly from human [|experience], to retrieve moves from an hand crafted opening book. Procedural knowledge is applied by Learning, as well to backup declarative knowledge by Search. However, the Search versus Knowledge trade-off in computer chess and games refers heuristic or perfect knowledge. || toc =Search versus Knowledge=
 * Samuel Bak - Knowledgeable ||~  ||^   ||
 * [[image:KnowledeSearch.JPG]] ||
 * The trade-offs of search versus knowledge ||

Curves A and B represent a fixed performance level, say 2000 for B and 2200 for A. The curves indicate that there are many ways to archive that level of performance, either by little knowledge and lot of search, or vice versa. If a program has archived point P on curve B, it may improve between search only (point S) or knowledge only (point K). 

In Practice
Andreas Junghanns and Jonathan Schaeffer in //Search versus knowledge in game-playing programs revisited// :

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HiTech versus LoTech
At the Advances in Computer Chess 5 conference 1987, Hans Berliner et al. introduced an interesting experiment. HiTech with a sophisticated evaluation competed versus LoTech, almost the same program but a rudimentary evaluation, at different search depths. According to Peter Kouwenhoven, Berliner's conclusion was that more was to be won by increasing HiTech's knowledge at constant speed rather than further increasing its speed while keeping knowledge constant. The abstract from the extended 1990 paper :

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Ed Schröder's Conclusion
Ed Schröder concluded HiTech's extra knowledge was just worth one ply in the computer-computer area, and further elaborated on tactical evaluation knowledge helpful in early Rebel searching 5-7 plies versus Rebel searching 13-15 plies on 2001 hardware  :

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Search versus Evaluation
Mark Uniacke in a reply to Ed Schröder, on Search or Evaluation, mentioning the 1st Computer Olympiad, Null Move Pruning, Hiarcs, Woodpusher, E6P, Rebel, Fritz ... :

=Knowing=  =Declarative Knowledge=
 * Chunking
 * Cognition
 * Learning
 * Pattern Recognition
 * Planning

A Priori

 * Rules of Chess
 * Move Generation
 * In Check

Heuristic Knowledge

 * Evaluation
 * Move Ordering
 * Selectivity

Empirical Knowledge

 * Automated Tuning
 * Opening Book



Perfect Knowledge
Perfect Knowledge usually incorporates analysis or stored results from exhaustive search, which requires no further search at interior nodes except the root. An oracle might be considered as "perfect" evaluation. 
 * Oracle
 * Retrograde Analysis

Interior Node Recognizer

 * Interior Node Recognizer

Endgame Databases
as probed inside a Recognizer framework, if a certain material constellation is detected.
 * Endgame Tablebases
 * Endgame Bitbases

=Procedural Knowledge=
 * Search
 * Checkmate
 * Stalemate
 * Fifty-move Rule
 * Repetitions

=See also=
 * Artificial Intelligence
 * Diminishing Returns
 * Memory
 * Opponent Model Search
 * Psychology
 * Strategy
 * Tactics

=Publications=

1970 ...

 * Marvin Minsky (**1974**). //[|Framework for Representing Knowledge 1974]//. MIT-AI Laboratory Memo 306
 * Coen Zuidema (**1974**). //Chess: How to Program the Exceptions?// Technical Report IW21/74, [|Mathematical Center Amdsterdam]. [|pdf]

1975 ...

 * Donald Michie (**1976**). //An Advice-Taking System for Computer Chess.// Computer Bulletin, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, pp. 12-14. ISSN 0010-4531.
 * Jack Good (**1977**). //Dynamic Probability, Computer Chess, and the Measurement of Knowledge.// Machine Intelligence, Vol. 8 (eds. E. Elcock and Donald Michie), pp. 139-150. Ellis Horwood, Chichester.
 * Ivan Bratko, Danny Kopec, Donald Michie (**1978**). //Pattern-Based Representation of Chess Endgame Knowledge//. [|The Computer Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2], pp. 149-153. [|pdf]
 * Donald Michie, Ivan Bratko (**1978**). //Advice Table Representations of Chess End-Game Knowledge//. Proceedings 3rd AISB/GI Conference, pp. 194-200.
 * David Wilkins (**1979**). //Using Patterns and Plans to Solve Problems and Control Search//. Ph.D. thesis, Computer Science Dept, Stanford University, AI Lab Memo AIM-329
 * Max Bramer, Mike Clarke (**1979**). //[|A Model for the Representation of Pattern-Knowledge for the Endgame in Chess]//. [|International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 11, No.5]

1980 ...

 * Ivan Bratko, Donald Michie (**1980**). //A Representation of Pattern-Knowledge in Chess Endgames//. Advances in Computer Chess 2
 * David Wilkins (**1980**). //Using patterns and plans in chess//. [|Artificial Intelligence], vol. 14, pp. 165-203. Reprinted (**1988**) in Computer Chess Compendium
 * David Wilkins (**1982**). //Using Knowledge to Control Tree Searching//. [|Artificial Intelligence], vol. 18, pp. 1-51.
 * Alen Shapiro, Tim Niblett (**1982**). //Automatic Induction of Classification Rules for Chess End game.// Advances in Computer Chess 3
 * Hans Berliner (**1982**). //Search vs. knowledge: an analysis from the domain of games//. Technical Report Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University
 * Allen Newell (**1982**). //The Knowledge Level//. [|Artificial Intelligence], Vol. 18, No. 1
 * Raymond Smullyan (**1982**). //[|An Epistemological Nightmare]//. MIT
 * David Wilkins (**1983**). //Using chess knowledge to reduce search//. In Chess Skill in Man and Machine (Peter W. Frey, ed.), Ch. 10, 2nd Edition, Springer-Verlag.
 * Danny Kopec (**1983**). //Human and Machine Representations of Knowledge//. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, supervisor: Donald Michie
 * Alen Shapiro (**1983**). //The Role of Structured Induction in Expert Systems//. University of Edinburgh, Machine Intelligence Research Unit (Ph.D. thesis)
 * Jonathan Schaeffer (**1984**). //The Relative Importance of Knowledge//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3
 * Albrecht Heeffer (**1984**). //Automated Acquisition on Concepts for the Description of Middle-game Positions in Chess//. [|Turing Institute], [|Glasgow], [|Scotland], TIRM-84-005

1985 ...
> Revised as Hans Berliner, Carl Ebeling (**1990**). //Hitech//. Computers, Chess, and Cognition
 * Albrecht Heeffer (**1985**). //Validating Concepts from Automated Acquisition Systems//. IJCAI 85, [|pdf]
 * Reiner Seidel (**1985**). //Grammatical Description of Chess Positions, Data-Base versus Human Knowledge//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3
 * Jonathan Schaeffer, Tony Marsland (**1985**). //The Utility of Expert Knowledge//. Proceedings [|IJCAI 85], pp. 585-587. Los Angeles.
 * Alen Shapiro, Donald Michie (**1986**). //A Self-commenting Facility for Inductively Synthesised Endgame Expertise//. Advances in Computer Chess 4
 * Bernd Owsnicki, Kai von Luck (**1986**). //N.N.: A Case Study in Chess Knowledge Representation//. Advances in Computer Chess 4
 * Jonathan Schaeffer (**1986**). //Experiments in Search and Knowledge//. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Waterloo. Reprinted as Technical Report TR 86-12, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
 * Peter W. Frey (**1986**). //Fuzzy Production Rules in Chess//. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4
 * Peter W. Frey (**1986**). //[|A Bit-Mapped Classifier]//. BYTE, Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 161-172.
 * [|Subhash Kak] (**1987**). //Patanjali and Cognitive Science//. [|Vitasta Publishing]
 * Alen Shapiro (**1987**). //Structured Induction in Expert Systems//. Turing Institute Press in association with Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Workingham, UK. ISBN 0-201-178133. [|amazon]
 * Stephen Muggleton (**1988**). //Inductive Acquisition of Chess Strategies//. [|Machine Intelligence 11] (eds. Jean Hayes Michie, Donald Michie, and J. Richards), pp. 375-389. Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K. ISBN 0-19-853718-2.
 * Reiner Seidel(**1989**). //A Model of Chess Knowledge - Planning Structures and Constituent Analysis//. Advances in Computer Chess 5
 * Hans Berliner, Carl Ebeling (**1989**). //Pattern Knowledge and Search: The SUPREM Architecture.// Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 161-198. ISSN 0004-3702.
 * Hans Berliner, Gordon Goetsch, Murray Campbell, Carl Ebeling (**1989**). //Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs,// Advances in Computer Chess 5
 * Hermann Kaindl (**1989**). //Towards a Theory of Knowledge//. Advances in Computer Chess 5

1990 ...

 * Hans Berliner, Gordon Goetsch, Murray Campbell, Carl Ebeling (**1990**). //[|Measuring the Performance Potential of Chess Programs].// Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 43, No. 1
 * Kiyoshi Shirayanagi (**1990**). //Knowledge Representation and its Refinement in Go Programs//. Computers, Chess, and Cognition
 * Robert Levinson, Feng-hsiung Hsu, Tony Marsland, Jonathan Schaeffer, David Wilkins (**1991**). //The Role of Chess in Artificial Intelligence Research//. [|IJCAI 1991], [|pdf], also in ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, [|pdf]
 * Christian Posthoff, Michael Schlosser, Jens Zeidler (**1993**). //Search vs. Knowledge? - Search and Knowledge!// In: Proc. 3rd KADS Meeting, Munich, March 8-9 1993, Siemens AG, Corporate Research and Development, 305-326, 1993.
 * Steven Walczak, [|Douglas D. Dankel II] (**1993**). //Acquiring Tactical and Strategic Knowledge with a Generalized Method for Chunking of Game Pieces//. International Journal of Intelligent Systems 8 (2), 249-270.
 * Christian Posthoff, Michael Schlosser, Rainer Staudte, Jens Zeidler (**1994**). //Transformations of Knowledge//. Advances in Computer Chess 7
 * Robert Levinson, Gil Fuchs (**1994**). //A Pattern-Weight Formulation of Search Knowledge//. UCSC-CRL-94-10, [|CiteSeerX]

1995 ...

 * Richard Fikes (**1996**). //Ontologies: What Are They, and Where's The Research?// [|KR 1996]
 * Andreas Junghanns, Jonathan Schaeffer (**1997**). //Search versus knowledge in game-playing programs revisited//. IJCAI-97, Vol 1, [|pdf]
 * Johannes Fürnkranz (**1997**). //Knowledge Discovery in Chess Databases: A Research Proposal.// Technical Report OEFAI-TR-97-33, Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, [|zipped ps], [|pdf]
 * Krzysztof Krawiec, [|Roman Slowinski], [|Irmina Szczesniak] (**1998**). //[|Pedagogical Method for Extraction of Symbolic Knowledge from Neural Networks]//. [|Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing 1998]
 * Edward J. Quigley, [|Anthony Debons] (**1999**). //Interrogative Theory of Information and Knowledge//. [|SIGCPR '99], [|pdf]

2000 ...

 * Michael Thielscher (**2000**). //Representing the Knowledge of a Robot//. [|KR 2000], [|CiteSeerX]
 * Krzysztof Krawiec (**2002**). //[|Genetic Programming-based Construction of Features for Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery Tasks]//. [|Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, Vol. 3], No. 4
 * Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig (**2003**). //[|Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach]//, 2nd edition, [|3rd edition 2009]
 * Stuart Russell (**2003**). //Rationality and Intelligence.// In Renee Elio (Ed.), Common sense, reasoning, and rationality, Oxford University Press, [|pdf]
 * Aleksander Sadikov, Ivan Bratko, Igor Kononenko (**2003**). //Search versus Knowledge: An Empirical Study of Minimax on KRK//. Advances in Computer Games 10, [|pdf]
 * Tristan Caulfield (**2004**). //Acquiring and Using Knowledge in Computer Chess//. BSc Computer Science, [|University of Bath], [|pdf]
 * [|Elias M. Awad], [|Hassan M. Ghaziri] (**2004,2010**). //Knowledge Management Systems//. [|Pearson Education India], [|Knowledge Management Systems - Lecture Notes], [|LaTeX2HTML] by [|Nikos Drakos], [|Ross Moore]
 * Nick Pelling (**2004**). //[|The Network Is The Knowledge: Ideology & Strategy in Mintzberg's Ten Schools]//. [|MBA] dissertation, [|Kingston University] [|Business School], [|Surrey], UK

2005 ...

 * Christian Posthoff, Michael Schlosser (**2005**). //[|Optimal strategies — Learning from examples — Boolean equations]//. in [|Klaus P. Jantke], [|Steffen Lange] (eds.) (**2005**). [|Algorithmic Learning for Knowledge-Based Systems], [|Lecture Notes in Computer Science] 961, [|Springer]
 * Aleksander Sadikov, Ivan Bratko (**2006**). //[|Search Versus Knowledge Revisited Again]//. CG 2006
 * David J. Stracuzzi (**2006**). //[|Scalable Knowledge Acquisition through Cumulative Learning and Memory Organization]//. Ph.D. thesis, [|University of Massachusetts Amherst], advisor Paul E. Utgoff, [|pdf]
 * Guillaume Chaslot, Louis Chatriot, Christophe Fiter, Sylvain Gelly, Jean-Baptiste Hoock, Julien Pérez, Arpad Rimmel, Olivier Teytaud (**2008**). //Combining expert, offline, transient and online knowledge in Monte-Carlo exploration//. [|pdf]
 * Guillaume Chaslot, Christophe Fiter, Jean-Baptiste Hoock, Arpad Rimmel, Olivier Teytaud (**2009**). //Adding Expert Knowledge and Exploration in Monte-Carlo Tree Search//. Advances in Computer Games 12, [|pdf], [|pdf]

2010 ...

 * Matej Guid (**2010**). //Search and Knowledge for Human and Machine Problem Solving//, Ph.D. thesis, University of Ljubljana, [|pdf]
 * Shi-Jim Yen, Jung-Kuei Yang, Kuo-Yuan Kao, Tai-Ning Yang (**2012**). //[|Bitboard Knowledge Base System and Elegant Search Architectures for Connect6]//. [|Knowledge-Based Systems], Vol. 34
 * Bo-Nian Chen, Hung-Jui Chang, Shun-Chin Hsu, Jr-Chang Chen, Tsan-sheng Hsu (**2013**). //Multilevel Inference in Chinese Chess Endgame Knowledge Bases//. ICGA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 4 » Chinese Chess, Endgame Tablebases
 * Bo-Nian Chen, Hung-Jui Chang, Shun-Chin Hsu, Jr-Chang Chen, Tsan-sheng Hsu (**2014**). //Advanced Meta-knowledge for Chinese Chess Endgame Knowledge Bases//. ICGA Journal, Vol 37, No. 1

2015 ...

 * Tamal T. Biswas, Kenneth W. Regan (**2015**). //Quantifying Depth and Complexity of Thinking and Knowledge//. [|ICAART 2015], [|pdf]

=Forum Posts=

1996 ...

 * [|Incoporating chess knowledge in chess programs] by Valavan Manohararajah, rgcc, June 26, 1996
 * [|computer chess "oracle" ideas...] by Robert Hyatt, rgcc, April 1, 1997 » Oracle
 * [|Knowledge is not elegant] by Don Dailey, CCC, June 14, 1998
 * [|The end of computer chess progress?] by Ed Schröder, rgcc, March 06, 1999
 * [|The Limits of Positional Knowledge] by Michael Neish from CCC, November 11, 1999

2000 ...

 * [|suggestions for (a new generation of) chess knowledge using engines] by Ingo Lindam, CCC, October 23, 2002
 * [|likelihood instead of pawnunits? + chess knowledge] by Ingo Lindam, CCC, October 25, 2002
 * [|Knowledge] by Sergei S. Markoff, CCC, September 26, 2004

2005 ...
> [|Re: Search or Evaluation?] by Mark Uniacke, Hiarcs Forum, October 14, 2007
 * [|The superior Rybka chess knowledge] by Chrilly Donninger, CCC, January 18, 2006 » Rybka
 * [|knowledge and blitz; search and long games] by Joseph Ciarrochi, CCC, February 15, 2006
 * [|Search or Evaluation?] by Ed Schröder, Hiarcs Forum, October 05, 2007 » Search, Evaluation

2010 ...

 * [|hardware advances - a different perspective] by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 09, 2010
 * [|old crafty vs new crafty on new hardware] by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 11, 2010 » Crafty
 * [|Crafty tests show that Software has advanced more] by Don Dailey, CCC, September 12, 2010
 * [|Final results - Crafty - hardware vs software] by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 13, 2010 » Crafty
 * [|Deep Blue vs Rybka] by Don Dailey, CCC, September 13, 2010 » Deep Blue, Rybka
 * [|hardware doubling number for Crafty] by Robert Hyatt, CCC, September 15, 2010 » Crafty
 * [|Ahhh... the holy grail of computer chess] by Marcel van Kervinck, CCC, August 23, 2011
 * [|Is search irrelevant when computing ahead of very big trees?] by Fermin Serrano, CCC, July 24, 2013 » Search
 * [|Improve the search or the evaluation?] by Jens Bæk Nielsen, CCC, August 31, 2013 » Search versus Evaluation
 * [|Slow Searchers?] by Michael Neish, CCC, November 02, 2013
 * [|Chessprogams with the most chessknowing] by Joe Boden, CCC, December 19, 2014

2015 ...
> [|Re: Chessprogams with the most chessknowing] by Alvaro Cardoso, CCC, February 18, 2017 > [|Re: Chessprogams with the most chessknowing] by Mark Lefler, CCC, February 18, 2017 » Komodo > [|Re: Chessprogams with the most chessknowing] by Marco Costalba, CCC, February 19, 2017 » Stockfish
 * [|An attempt to measure the knowledge of engines] by Kai Laskos, CCC, March 23, 2015
 * [|Re: Chessprogams with the most chessknowing] by Vincent Lejeune, CCC, February 18, 2017

=External Links=

Knowledge

 * [|Knowledge from Wikipedia]
 * [|Knowledge acquisition from Wikipedia]
 * [|Knowledge discovery from Wikipedia]
 * [|Knowledge engineering from Wikipedia]
 * [|Knowledge Engineering Environment from Wikipedia]
 * [|Knowledge extraction from Wikipedia]
 * [|Knowledge management from Wikipedia]
 * [|Knowledge representation and reasoning from Wikipedia]
 * [|Knowledge transfer from Wikipedia]

Related Topics

 * [|Awareness from Wikipedia]
 * [|Belief from Wikipedia]
 * [|Cognition from Wikipedia]
 * [|Consciousness from Wikipedia]
 * [|Data mining from Wikipedia]
 * [|Epistemology from Wikipedia]
 * [|Experience from Wikipedia]
 * [|Expert from Wikipedia]
 * [|Expert system from Wikipedia]
 * [|Imagination from Wikipedia]
 * [|Instinct from Wikipedia]
 * [|Intelligence from Wikipedia]
 * [|Intuition (philosophy) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Intuition (psychology) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Learning from Wikipedia]
 * [|Mind from Wikipedia]
 * [|Ontology (information science) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Paradigm from Wikipedia]
 * [|Philosophy from Wikipedia]
 * [|Philosophy of mind from Wikipedia]
 * [|Psychology from Wikipedia]
 * [|Science from Wikipedia]
 * [|Scientia potentia est - knowledge is power - Wikipedia]
 * [|Skill from Wikipedia]
 * [|Thought from Wikipedia]
 * [|Understanding from Wikipedia]

Types of Knowledge

 * [|A priori and a posteriori from Wikipedia]
 * [|Common knowledge from Wikipedia]
 * [|Common knowledge (logic) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Declarative Knowledge] from [|Decision Automation Resources]
 * [|Descriptive knowledge from Wikipedia]
 * [|Dispersed knowledge from Wikipedia]
 * [|Distributed knowledge from Wikipedia]
 * [|Metaknowledge from Wikipedia]
 * [|Mutual knowledge (logic) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Procedural knowledge from Wikipedia]
 * [|Teaching Declarative Knowledge] by [|Renay M. Scott]

Musicvideo
> John McLaughlin, Billy Cobham, [|Rick Laird], Jan Hammer, [|Jerry Goodman] > media type="youtube" key="ujcYw2QTPzM"
 * Mahavishnu Orchestra - [|You Know You Know], August 17, 1972, more recent [|3Sat] broadcast, [|YouTube] Video

=References= =What links here?= include page="Knowledge" component="backlinks" limit="220"
 * Up one Level**