Gk

font-size: 1000%;">Gk ||~ || **Gk**, (GKJunior) a Chess Engine Communication Protocol compliant open source chess engine under the GNU General Public License, written by Tijs van Dam in C++, first released in May 2003, while its private forerunner GKJunior already played at Internet Chess Club in the late 90s . || toc =Description=
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Bitboard Infrastructure
As bitboard engine, Gk generates moves with the typical serialization loops on move target sets, and uses Brian Kernighan's population count to determine the cardinality of sets. 

Rotated Indices
Gk applies rotated indices with 1/2 MiB pre-initialized lookup tables to determine sliding piece attacks, indexed by square and 8-bit line occupancy : code format="cpp" BitBoard diag_h1_attack[64][256]; BitBoard diag_a1_attack[64][256]; BitBoard diag_file_attack[64][256]; BitBoard diag_rank_attack[64][256]; code Rather than keeping the rotated occupancies inside rotated bitboards, a deconcentrated data structure of unsigned integer arrays is used keeping 8-bit occupancies for each enumerated line of either 8 ranks / files or 15 diagonals / anti-diagonals, incrementally updated during make and unmake move : code format="cpp" unsigned diag_h1_occ[15]; unsigned diag_a1_occ[15]; unsigned diag_file_occ[8]; unsigned diag_rank_occ[8];

INLINE BitBoard AttacksDiagA1(int square) { return diag_a1_attack[square][diag_a1_occ[DiagA1DiagNum(square)]]; }

INLINE int DiagA1DiagNum(int square) { return 7-Rank(square)+File(square); } code 

BitScan
BitScan is either implemented in 32-bit x86 Assembly, or with 16-bit indexed, 64K int lookup tables of 1/2 MiB and conditions for other architectures. FirstOne scans reverse, LastOne forward : code format="cpp" int first_ones[65536]; int last_ones[65536];

INLINE int FirstOne(BitBoard b) { ASM { bsr    edx, dword ptr b+4 // is there a 1 in the high word? mov    eax, 32 jnz    l1                 // return FirstOne(hiword(b))+32 bsr    edx, dword ptr b   // else return FirstOne(loword(b)) xor    eax, eax l1:add    eax, edx } register U16 *x=(U16 *)(&b); if(x[3]) return first_ones[x[3]]+48; if(x[2]) return first_ones[x[2]]+32; if(x[1]) return first_ones[x[1]]+16; return first_ones[x[0]]; }
 * 1) ifdef USE_ASM
 * 1) else
 * 1) endif

INLINE int LastOne(BitBoard b) { __asm { bsf   eax, dword ptr b   // is there a 1 in the low word jnz   l1                 // then return LastOne(loword(b)) bsf   eax, dword ptr b+4 // else return LastOne(hiword(b))+32 add   eax,32 l1: } register U16 *x=(U16 *)(&b); if(x[0]) return last_ones[x[0]]; if(x[1]) return last_ones[x[1]]+16; if(x[2]) return last_ones[x[2]]+32; return last_ones[x[3]]+48; } code
 * 1) ifdef USE_ASM
 * 1) else
 * 1) endif

Search
The search is PVS alpha-beta with transposition table inside an iterative deepening framework without aspiration, maintaining the principal variations inside a "quadratic" PV-table. Selectivity is realized by null move Pruning, check extensions, and delta pruning in quiescence search. History heuristic, IID, MVV-LVA in conjunction with a SEE swap routine improve move ordering and delta pruning.

Evaluation
Gk's evaluation is rudimentary and restricts positional scores in the range of plus-minus one pawn value - at least it is very lazy if the material balance is outside the alpha-beta window by that margin. It considers center control, mobility, development and too early queen, and some pawn shield and castling right related king safety stuff. The cached pawn structure evaluation takes passers, doubled and isolated pawns, and pawns protecting each other into account.

=See also=
 * Fortress
 * GK 2100
 * PK

=Forum Posts=
 * [|Re: ICC Green List - Jan 3] by Tijs van Dam, CCC, January 04, 2000
 * [|Re: Can we use hash table at root?] by Tijs van Dam, CCC, February 01, 2000 » Transposition Table, Root
 * [|Re: More programs added to my tournament] by Sergio Martinez, Winboard Forum, December 27, 2003

=External Links=

Chess Engine

 * [|Tijs van Dam - Software]
 * [|Gk] from WBEC Ridderkerk

Misc

 * [|GK (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]
 * [|Garry Kasparov from Wikipedia]

=References= =What links here?= include page="Gk" component="backlinks" limit="20"
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