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		The Third Computer Olympiad was held from August 22 to 28, 1991, Maastricht, The Netherlands. The chess tournament was dominated by the two Chessmachines with ARM2 processors, where Ed Schröder's Gideon gained the upper hand over The King version by Johan de Koning, and consequently won the Gold medal. The third Computer Olympiad was again associated by the Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence conference, proceedings edited by Jaap van den Herik and Victor Allis, published in 1992 [1].
Maastricht University [2]

Results

Awari

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#	Program	CC	Authors	P6	Medal
1	Lithidion	NL	Victor Allis, Maarten van der Meulen	3½	Gold
2	MyProgram	NL	Eric van Riet Paap	2½	Silver

• CC Country Codes

Bridge

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#	Program	CC	Authors	P3	Medal
1	Bridge Baron	GB	Tom Throop, Tony Guilfoyle	3	Gold
2	Pupil	NL	Joost Jacob	3	Silver
3	Bridge King	DE	Johannes Leber, Gero Scholz	0	Bronze

• CC Country Codes

Chess

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Final Standing

#	Program	CC	R	K	C	N	N	D	T	P	SOS	SoDOS	Medal
1	Chessmachine WK	NL	X	1	½	1	1	1	1	5½	15½	13¾	Gold
2	Chessmachine King	NL	0	X	1	1	½	1	1	4½	16½	9¾	Silver
3	Chess Player 2175	GB	½	0	X	0	1	1	1	3½	17½	7¼	Bronze
4	Nightmare	NL	0	0	1	X	0	1	1	3	18	5.½
5	Nimzo	AT	0	½	0	1	X	0	1	2½	18½	6¼
6	Dappet	NL	0	0	0	0	1	X	0	1	20	2½
7	Touch	NL	0	0	0	0	0	1	X	1	20	1

• CC Country Codes
• SOS: Sum of Opponent Scores
• SoDOS: Sum of Defeated Opponent Scores

Participants

Program	CC	Authors	Hardware
Chessmachine WK	NL	Ed Schröder, Jan Louwman	ARM2
Chessmachine King	NL	Johan de Koning	ARM2
Chess Player 2175	GB	Chris Whittington	68030
Nightmare	NL	Joost Buijs
Nimzo	AT	Chrilly Donninger
Dappet	NL	Dap Hartmann, Peter Kouwenhoven
Touch	NL	Jos Uiterwijk

Selected Games

Round 4, Chessmachine King - Chessmachine WK ^[6]

[Event "3rd Computer Olympiad"]
[Site "Maastricht, The Netherlands"]
[Date "1991.08.??"]
[Round "4"]
[White "Chessmachine King"]
[Black "Chessmachine WK"]
[Result "0-1"]
 
1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.Bb5+ Bd7 4.Bxd7+ Nxd7 5.c4 Ngf6 6.Nc3 g6 7.d4 cxd4 8.Nxd4 Rc8
9.Qe2 Bg7 10.O-O Qa5 11.Be3 Ne5 12.Rfc1 Nxc4 13.Ncb5 Nb6 14.Rxc8+ Nxc8 15.Nb3 Qa4
16.Nc3 Qb4 17.Rd1 O-O 18.Rd4 Qb6 19.f3 Nd7 20.Rd1 Qd8 21.Qd3 Ncb6 22.Qc2 Qc7 23.Rc1 
Rc8 24.Qf2 Qd8 25.Bd4 Bxd4 26.Qxd4 Nf6 27.Na5 Rc7 28.Nb3 Rc4 29.Qe3 Rc8 30.Na5 Rc7 
31.Rd1 Qd7 32.Qd4 Ne8 33.Nb3 e6 34.e5 Rc4 35.Qd2 d5 36.Nd4 Qc7 37.f4 a6 38.a3 Ng7 
39.Nce2 Qe7 40.Nc3 Rc8 41.Qc2 Nc4 42.b3 Nb6 43.Qc1 g5 44.fxg5 Qc7 45.Rd3 Nd7 46.b4
Nxe5 47.Rh3 Qb6 48.Qf4 Nc6 49.Nce2 Nf5 50.Rc3 Re8 51.Rxc6 bxc6 52.Kf2 Rc8 53.Ke1 
Nxd4 54.Nxd4 c5 55.Qc1 Qc7 0-1 

Chinese Chess

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#	Program	CC	Authors	P2	Medal
1	Abyss	CA	Tony Marsland, Chun Ye	1	Gold
2	Surprise	CN	Ren Wu	1	Gold

• CC Country Codes

Draughts

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#	Program	CC	Authors	P16	Medal
1	Truus	NL	Stef Keetman	14	Gold
2	Dam 1.3	NL	Harm Jetten	12	Silver
3	McDammen	NL	Ron van Bemmelen	11	Bronze
4	DIOS	NL	Eric van Riet Paap, Chris Jurriëns	10
5	Psi-Force	NL	John Smeets, Gerard Putter	10
6	CONAR	NL	Rien Beckman	8
7	Deep Thought (Draughts)	NL	Bart de Jong	8
8	Cerberus	NL	Leo Nagels	7
9	Bunzo	NL	Bert van Oortmarssen	7
10	TDKing	CH	Ton Tillemans	6
11	TN83	NL	Ard van Bergen	2
12	GWD 1.0	NL	Klaas Bor, Gijsbert Wiesenekker	0

• CC Country Codes

Go

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19x19

^[9]

#	Program	CC	Authors	P6	Medal
1	Goliath	NL	Mark Boon	6	Gold
2	Go Intellect	US	Ken Chen	4	Silver
3	Explorer 90	AT	Martin Müller, Anders Kierulf, Ken Chen	2	Bronze
4	Neuron-Go	RU	Alexander Melnikov	0

• CC Country Codes

9x9

^[10]

#	Program	CC	Authors	P6	Medal
1	Explorer 90	AT	Martin Müller, Anders Kierulf, Ken Chen	4	Gold
1	Go Intellect	US	Ken Chen	4	Gold
3	Goliath	NL	Mark Boon	3	Bronze
4	Neuron-Go	RU	Alexander Melnikov	1

• CC Country Codes

Gomoku

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#	Program	CC	Authors	P12	Medal
1	Vertex	RU	Artyom Shaposhnikov, Alexander Nosovsky	11	Gold
2	Neuro-GM	RU	Alexander Melnikov	8	Silver
3	Stone System	RU	Nikolai Alexandrov, Max Trukhan, Andrey Grigoriev	6	Bronze
4	Polygon	NL	Jos Uiterwijk	5½
5	Oliver	SE		5
6	5rij	NL		4½
7	Xokk	FI		2

• CC Country Codes

Nine Men’s Morris

^[12]

#	Program	CC	Authors	P8	Medal
1	Bushy	CH	Ralph Gasser	7	Gold
2	Neuro-GM	DE	Marc Leineweber	1	Silver

• CC Country Codes

Othello

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#	Program	CC	Authors	P20	Medal
1	Prothello	NL	Lars Jansen	19	Gold
2	Mast 91	NL	Ron Kroonenberg	17	Silver
3	REV91	NL	Joost Buijs	16	Bronze
4	Verse2	NL	Ben de Wolf	14
5	Purée	FR	Olivier Thill	11
6	Tauron	NL	G. Hoekstra	10
7	Desdemona	NL	Otto Perdeck	8
8	Oot	FI	Markku Poÿsti	7
9	Rotello	NL	K. van Aarsen	5
10	Neuron-RE	RU	Alexander Melnikov	2
11	Aida	NL	Jacco Gnodde, Dennis Breuker	1

• CC Country Codes

Qubic

^[14]

#	Program	CC	Authors	P2	Medal
1	QBig	NL	Victor Allis, Patrick Schoo	2	Gold
2	3D3T	RU	Andrey Grigoriev	0	Silver

• CC Country Codes

Renju

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#	Program	CC	Authors	P4	Medal
1	Vertex	RU	Artyom Shaposhnikov, Alexander Nosovsky	4	Gold
2	Neuron-RN	RU	Alexander Melnikov	2	Silver
3	Stone System	RU	Nikolai Alexandrov, Max Trukhan, Andrey Grigoriev	0	Bronze

• CC Country Codes

Scrabble

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#	Program	CC	Authors	P6	Medal
1	TSP	US	James Homan	3½	Gold
2	Tyler	US	Alan Frank	2½	Silver

• CC Country Codes

Publications

Reports

• Tom Draisma (1991). Report on the Third International Computer Olympiad, Maastricht, August 1991. ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3
• Jos Uiterwijk (1991). Chess Results and Games of the 3rd Computer Olympiad. ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3

Heuristic Programming in AI

• Jaap van den Herik, Victor Allis (Eds.) (1992). Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence 3 - The Third Computer Olympiad. Ellis Horwood ^[18]

1. Rainer Feldmann, Peter Mysliwietz, Burkhard Monien (1992). Experiments with a Fully Distributed Chess Program. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
2. Christian Posthoff (1992). Fuzzy Logics - New Concepts for Computer Chess? Heuristic Programming in AI 3
3. Chrilly Donninger (1992). The Relation of Mobility, Strategy and the Mean Dead Rabbit in Chess. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
4. Chun Ye, Tony Marsland (1992). Selective Extensions in Game-Tree Search. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
5. Michael R. Hall, Daniel E. Loeb (1992). Thoughts on Programming a Diplomat. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
6. Ken Chen (1992). Attack and Defense. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
7. Remko Popma, Victor Allis (1992). Life and Death Refined. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
8. Jos Uiterwijk (1992). Go-Moku still far from Optimality. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
9. Jos Uiterwijk (1992). Knowledge and Strategies in Go-Moku. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
10. Ralph Gasser (1992). Endgame Database Compression for Humans and Machines. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
11. Victor Allis, Patrick Schoo (1992). Qubic Solved Again. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
12. Frank Thuijsman (1992). An Introduction to the Theory of Games. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
13. Alan Frank (1992). Can't Stop. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
14. B. Zivas, Jaap van den Herik. (1992). WLOTO - A New Game with Words. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
15. Ekkehard Künzell (1992). Games with Pentacubes. Heuristic Programming in AI 3 ^[19]
16. Barney Pell (1992). Metagame: A New Challenge for Games and Learning. Heuristic Programming in AI 3
17. Barney Pell (1992). Metagame in Symmetric, Chess-Like Games. Heuristic Programming in AI 3

Forum Posts

• 3rd Computer Games Olympiad -- Announcement by Victor Allis, rgc, May 13, 1991
• 3rd Computer Games Olympiad and Conference by Tony Marsland, rgc, May 24, 1991
• 3rd Computer Games Olympiad -- Announcement by Victor Allis, rgc, July 30, 1991

External Links

• Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
• 3rd Computer Olympiad, Chess - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
• Computer Olympiad from Wikipedia
• 3rd Computer Olympiad from Wikipedia

References

1. ^ Jaap van den Herik, Victor Allis (Eds.) (1992). Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence 3 - The Third Computer Olympiad. Ellis Horwood
2. ^ Former Jesuit monastery, now Faculty of Business and Economics, Maastricht University from Wikipedia
3. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Awari - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
4. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Bridge - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments
5. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Chess - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
6. ^ Maastricht 1991 - Chess - Round 4 - Game 1 (ICGA Tournaments)
7. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Chinese Chess - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
8. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Draughts - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
9. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Go - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
10. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Go (9x9) - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
11. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Go-Moku - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
12. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Nine Men’s Morris - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
13. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Othello - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
14. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Qubic - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
15. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Renju - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
16. ^ Renju from Wikipedia
17. ^ 3rd Computer Olympiad, Scrabble - Maastricht 1991 (ICGA Tournaments)
18. ^ ICGA Reference Database (pdf)
19. ^ Games with pentacubes - Ekkehard Künzell

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