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		CHAOS was one of the leading programs since it first appeared at ACM 1973 until the mid 80s. CHAOS, which stands facetiously for Chess Heuristics And Other Stuff, has participated in twelve ACM tournaments [1] and four world championships [2] , runner up in 1974 behind Kaissa, defeating favorite Chess 4.0. In 1980 at the 3rd WCCC, CHAOS was close to becoming champion but lost the playoff against Belle. Its last tournament was the 16th AMC 1985 when it lost two games in a very strong field.
Boldriaan - CHAOS (2006) [3]

History

CHAOS started in the late 1960s at RCA Systems Programming division in Cinnaminson, NJ with Ira Ruben, Fred Swartz, Victor Berman, Joe Winograd, and William Toikka as first authors. In January 1972, Sperry Univac (1986 Unisys) officially took over the RCA Computer Systems Division and eventually moved everything to Blue Bell, Pennsylvania. Later the program has been affiliated with the Computing Center of the University of Michigan where most of its programmers were staff members ^[4] .

Knowledge vs Search

CHAOS was written in Fortran and required in excess of 3,000,000 words of memory to execute, using most of it for storing the tree. It examines only about 50 nodes/sec (1985 70 nodes/sec ^[5] ) or about 10,000 per move. The reason why CHAOS evaluated so slowly — their programmers did a better job of evaluation! Because every minimax decision is made based on a single evaluation, it seemed plausible that the more accurate this number is, the better the quality of tree searching. However, that comes at the cost of missing deep combinations from brute force search, but CHAOS's strength/nodes-evaluated ratio was impressive. The program carried out a selective search with iterative widening, a bit different from the others. Its book contains about 10,000 lines.

Quotes

Alex Bell

Alex Bell on the CHAOS - Chess 4.0 game 1974 ^[6] :

CHAOS played 16 NxP!! - a move which has been acclaimed as the finest ever made by a computer. White evaluates that his domination of open lines is compensation for a piece. This judgement is absolutely correct. Of course the piece is not sacrificed entirely and play continues in a very similar fashion to MASTER's sacrifice of a bishop to TELL.

• rq2k2r/3n1ppp/p2bpnb1/8/Np1N4/1B3PP1/PP2Q2P/R1BR2K1 w kq - 1 16

Duel on the Chessboard

Quote from Computer vs. computer: Duel on the Chessboard ^[7] on ACM 1979:

The biggest and most powerful computers do that very well. In one second, they can examine thousands of possible moves. The problem is, they stop to consider lousy moves that a human player wouldn't waste a fraction of a second on. On the other side of the fence are the slower but "smarter" computer programs. They can't think about zillions of chess moves, so they need a lot of information about chess plugged into them. CHAOS is one of these latter, pumped with chess information from John J. O’Keefe, one of Michigan's top players.

Authors

1973 [8]		1976 [9]		1978 [10]		1983 [11]
		Mike Alexander		Mike Alexander		Mike Alexander
Victor Berman		Victor Berman		Victor Berman		Victor Berman
						Mark Hersey
				Tom McBride
						Jack O’Keefe
Ira Ruben		Ira Ruben
Fred Swartz		Fred Swartz		Fred Swartz		Fred Swartz
William Toikka		William Toikka		William Toikka
Joe Winograd		Joe Winograd		Joe Winograd

Photos & Games

CHAOS Team

CHAOS Team circa 1972 with UNIVAC 1108 Computer in Cinnaminson, NJ From left, Fred Swartz (rear), Vic Berman (front), Bill Toikka, Ira Ruben (seated), Joe Winograd [12]

WCCC 1974

Slate, Swartz, and Berman in CHAOS vs Chess 4.0, WCCC 1974 [13] [14]

[Event "WCCC 1974"]
[Site "Stockholm, Sweden"]
[Date "1974.08.06"]
[Round "2"]
[White "Chaos"]
[Black "Chess 4.0"]
[Result "1-0"]
 
1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.e3 e6 5.Bxc4 c5 6.Qe2 a6 7.O-O b5 8.Bb3 Bb7
9.Rd1 Nbd7 10.Nc3 Bd6 11.e4 cxd4 12.Nxd4 Qb8 13.g3 b4 14.Na4 Bxe4 15.f3 Bg6
16.Nxe6 fxe6 17.Qxe6+ Be7 18.Re1 Qd8 19.Bf4 Kf8 20.Rad1 Ra7 21.Rc1 Ng8 22.Rcd1
a5 23.Bd6 Bxd6 24.Qxd6+ Ne7 25.Nc5 Bf5 26.g4 Qe8 27.Ba4 b3 28.gxf5 bxa2 29.Bxd7
a1=Q 30.Rxa1 Ra6 31.Nxa6 Qd8 32.Kf2 Kf7 33.Qe6+ Kf8 34.Qxe7+ Qxe7 35.Rxe7 Kxe7
36.Nc5 Rb8 37.Rxa5 Rxb2+ 38.Kg3 g6 39.fxg6 hxg6 40.Ra6 Rc2 41.Re6+ Kf8 42.Re5 Rc1
43.Rg5 Kf7 44.Be6+ Kf6 45.h4 Rxc5 46.Rxc5 Kxe6 47.Rg5 Kf6 48.Kg4 Kf7 49.Rc5 Ke6
50.Kg5 Kd6 51.Ra5 Kc6 52.f4 Kb6 53.Ra1 Kc5 54.Rd1 Kb4 55.Kxg6 Kc3 56.Rd8 Kb4
57.Rc8 Kb5 58.h5 Kb6 59.Rc1 Kb5 60.h6 Ka4 61.Rb1 Ka3 62.f5 Ka2 63.Rb8 Ka3 64.f6
Ka4 65.Rb7 Ka5 66.Rb8 Ka4 67.Rb1 Ka3 68.Rb7 Ka4 69.Rb8 Ka5 70.Kg7 Ka4 71.Rb7 Ka5
72.Rb2 Ka4 73.Rb8 Ka5 74.Kg8 Ka4 75.h7 Ka5 76.h8=Q Ka4 77.Qh4+ Ka5 78.Qb4+ Ka6
79.Qa4# 1-0

WCCC 1980

Belle vs CHAOS, WCCC 1980, Thompson, Friedel, Berman [15] , Swartz, Donskoy [16] [17]

[Event "WCCC 1980"]
[Site "Linz, Austria"]
[Date "1980.09.29"]
[Round "5 (playoff)"]
[White "Belle"]
[Black "Chaos"]
[Result "1-0"]
 
1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.Nf3 dxe5 5.Nxe5 g6 6.g3 Bf5 7.c4 Nb4 8.Qa4+ N4c6
9.d5 Bc2 10.Qb5 Qd6 11.Nxc6 Nxc6 12.Nc3 Bg7 13.Qxb7 O-O 14.Qxc6 Qb4 15.Kd2 Be4
16.Rg1 Rfb8 17.Bh3 Bh6+ 18.f4 Qa5 19.Re1 f5 20.Qe6+ Kf8 21.b3 Bg7 22.Bb2 Bd4
23.g4 Rb6 24.Qd7 Rd6 25.Qa4 Qb6 26.Ba3 Bxc3+ 27.Kxc3 Rdd8 28.Rad1 Qf2 29.gxf5
Qc2+ 30.Kd4 gxf5 31.Qc6 Qf2+ 32.Ke5 Kg8 33.Rg1+ Kh8 34.Bxe7 Qb2+ 35.Rd4 Qg2
36.Qf6+ Kg8 37.Bxg2 Rxd5+ 38.Ke6 h6 39.Qxh6 Re5+ 40.fxe5 Rf8 41.Bf3# 1-0

See also

• Acronym
• Chaos from Evaluation Overlap by Mark Watkins
• Freedom vs. CHAOS
• Mythology

Forum Posts

• Old programs CHAOS and USC by Eugene Piercy, CCC, July 11, 2015

External Links

Chess Program

• Chaos' ICGA Tournaments
• Computer vs. computer: Duel on the Chessboard, Boca Raton News - November 27. 1979 from Google News on ACM 1979
• Chess players are experiencing CHAOS, Lakeland Ledger - November 29, 1979 from Google News
• Images - Michigan Terminal System Archive - Computer Chess, CHAOS and AWIT » Awit

Misc

• Chaos in a Miniature by Edward Winter
• Chaos (cosmogony) from Wikipedia
• Chaos theory from Wikipedia
• Sun Ra - Cosmic Chaos, from The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Vol. 2 (1965), YouTube Video
  

References

1. ^ North American Computer-Chess Championships, complete History of Tournament Results and Games, prepared by Theo van der Storm, Nov. 23rd, 2002, secretary of the CSVN
2. ^ Chaos' ICGA Tournaments
3. ^ Schaakkunst van Boldriaan
4. ^ The Eleventh ACM's North American Computer Chess Championship as pdf reprint from The Computer History Museum
5. ^ David .E. Welsh (1986). ACM's Sixteenth North American Computer Chess Championship. ICCA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 4.
6. ^ Alex Bell (1978). MASTER at IFIPS. from Atlas Computer Laboratory, hosted by Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), excerpt from A. G. Bell (1978). The Machine Plays Chess. Pergamon Press, ISBN-13: 978-0080212227, from amazon
7. ^ Computer vs. computer: Duel on the Chessboard, Boca Raton News - November 27. 1979 from Google News on ACM 1979
8. ^ Monroe Newborn (1975). Computer Chess. Academic Press, New York, N.Y. Chapter IX. The Fourth United States Computer Chess Championship » ACM 1973
9. ^ pp. 52, Table I. History of the ACM Tournaments from
   Ben Mittman, Monroe Newborn (1980). Computer chess at ACM 79: the tournament and the man vs. man and machine match. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 23, Issue 1, pdf from The Computer History Museum » ACM 1976
10. ^ David Levy (1978). ACM '78. ICCA Newsletter, Vol. 1, No. 1 » ACM 1978
11. ^ Chaos' ICGA Tournaments
12. ^ Photo courtesy Joe Winograd
13. ^ Photo by Monroe Newborn from The Computer History Museum
14. ^ Stockholm 1974 - Chess - Round 2 - Game 6 (ICGA Tournaments)
15. ^ Militärischer Wert Der Spiegel 24/1982, pdf (German)
16. ^ Photo by Monroe Newborn from The Computer History Museum
17. ^ Linz 1980 - Chess - Round 5 - Game 1 (ICGA Tournaments)

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