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		Deep Blue, the IBM sponsored successor of the chess entity Deep Thought. The project was initially started 1985 as ChipTest at Carnegie Mellon University by the computer science doctoral students Feng-hsiung Hsu and Thomas Anantharaman. Murray Campbell, former co-developer of HiTech, joined the ChipTest team a few months later. The program was named Deep Thought after the fictional computer of the same name from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Hsu and Campbell joined IBM in 1989, Deep Blue was developed out of this. The name is a play on Deep Thought and Big Blue, IBM's nickname. The declared target was to become the strongest chess entity ever and to beat the human world champion.
Deep blue chip [1]

WCCC 1995

Deep Blue Prototype missed the expected win at the WCCC 1995 by losing the decisive match in round 5 against Fritz after king castling into Fritz's half open g-file. Description given in 1995 from the ICGA site ^[2] :

Deep Blue Prototype consists of an IBM RS/6000 workstation with 14 chess search engines as slave processors. Each processor contains a VLSI chip for move generation, as well as additional hardware for search and evaluation. Each Deep Thought 2 processor searches about 500,000 positions per second standalone, or about 400,000 positions per second as a slave processor. (This is about 1/10th of the projected speed of the Deep Blue single-processor currently in fabrication.) The 14- processor Deep Thought 2 typically searches between 3 and 5 million positions per second. When conducting a search, the search tree near the root position is processed on the host workstation, and includes selective search extension algorithms such as singular extensions. The deepest nodes in the search tree are handled by the slave search engines which usually do 4-ply alpha-beta searches.

Kasparov versus Deep Blue

Main article: Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1996

Deep Blue was the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion Garry Kasparov under regular time controls. This first win occurred on February 10, 1996, Game 1. However, Kasparov won three games and drew two of the following games, beating Deep Blue by a score of 4–2.

The Rematch

Main article: Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997

In 1997 Deep Blue won the rematch against Kasparov. He did not recover after the shock by Deep Blues' play in game 2. Kasparov resigned a drawn position, since he missed a deep tricky perpetual check, while he wrongly was confident the machine would not have blundered to allow him to draw. In the final decisive game 6 Kasparov was rather indisposed and blundered in the early opening.

The Deep Blue Team

• Feng-hsiung Hsu - The man who started the Deep Blue project while still in college
• Murray Campbell - A former chess champion who works with Deep Blue's evaluation function
• A. Joseph Hoane - Deep Blue's software engineer
• C. J. Tan - Senior manager of the Deep Blue development team
• Jerry Brody - The project's support engineer
• Joel Benjamin - development team chess consultant, opening book author

Photos

The core Deep Blue team, Joe Hoane, Feng-hsiung Hsu, and Murray Campbell [3]

See also

• Computer Chess - A Movie
• The Machine

Selected Publications

1995 ...

• Feng-hsiung Hsu, Murray Campbell, Joe Hoane (1995). Deep Blue System Overview. International Conference on Supercomputing, pp. 240-244.

1996

• Paul Hsieh (1996). Deep Blue - Deep Thought 2. Computer Chess Reports, Vol 5, No 3+4, pp. 45
• Tony Marsland (1996). The ACM Chess Challenge. pdf from the The Computer History Museum, Courtesy of ACM
• Tony Marsland (1996). The Future of Computer Chess. ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1
• Jos Uiterwijk (1996). The Kasparov - Deep Blue Match. ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1
• Yasser Seirawan (1996). The Kasparov - Deep Blue Games. ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1
• Hans Berliner (1996). Why did Kasparov Blink? ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2
• Toshinori Munakata (1996). Thoughts on Deep Blue vs. Kasparov. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 39, No. 7, pdf

1997

• Robert Levinson, Jeff Wilkinson (1997). Deep Blue is Still an Infant. AAAI Technical Report WS-97-04 ^[4]
• Monroe Newborn (1997). Kasparov versus Deep Blue: Computer Chess Comes of Age. Springer ^[5]
• Richard Korf (1997). Does Deep Blue use AI? AAAI Workshop: Deep Blue Versus Kasparov: The Significance for Artificial Intelligence 1997, pdf
• Tony Marsland, Yngvi Björnsson. (1997). From MiniMax to Manhattan. AAAI Workshop: Deep Blue Versus Kasparov: The Significance for Artificial Intelligence 1997, pdf
• Jonathan Schaeffer, Aske Plaat (1997). Kasparov versus Deep Blue: The Rematch. ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2
• Fernand Gobet (1997). Can Deep Blue make us happy? Reflections on Human and Artificial Expertise. AAAI Workshop: Deep Blue Versus Kasparov: The Significance for Artificial Intelligence 1997
• Yasser Seirawan, Herbert Simon, Toshinori Munakata (1997). The Implications of Kasparov vs. Deep Blue. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 8, pdf hosted from The Computer History Museum
• Daniel C. Dennet (1997). Can Machines Think? Deep Blue and Beyond. ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4
• Thomas Anantharaman (1997). Evaluation Tuning for Computer Chess: Linear Discriminant Methods. ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4
• Richard Korf (1997). Does DEEP BLUE use Artificial Intelligence? ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4 ^[6]

1998

• Hans Berliner (1998). Review of Monty Newborn: Kasparov versus Deep Blue. pdf ^[7]

1999

• Feng-hsiung Hsu (1999). IBM’s Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips. IEEE Micro, Vol. 19, No. 2, pdf
• Murray Campbell (1999). Knowledge Discovery in Deep Blue. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 11

2000 ...

• Feng-Hsiung Hsu (2001). Ken Thompson and DEEP BLUE. ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2
• Gerald Tesauro (2001). Comparison Training of Chess Evaluation Functions. In Johannes Fürnkranz, Miroslav Kubat (eds.) (2001). Machines that learn to play games, 117–130, Nova Science Publishers » Automated Tuning, SCP
• Murray Campbell, Joe Hoane, Feng-hsiung Hsu (2002). Deep Blue. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 134, Nos. 1-2
• Feng-hsiung Hsu (2002), Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion. Princeton University Press
• Monroe Newborn (2002). Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone. Springer Verlag
• Brian Bloomfield, Theodore Vurdubakis (2008). IBM's Chess Players: On AI and Its Supplements. The Information Society, Vol. 24, No. 2

Forum Posts

1995 ...

• Is Computer Chess A Science? by Dr Nancy's Sweetie, rgcc, February 21, 1996

1997

• Deep Blue vs Micros by Robert Hyatt, rgcc, February 18, 1997
• DB Tweaking Between Games by Mike Gherrity, rgcc, May 13, 1997
• Learning necessary for chess champion? by Mike Gherrity, rgcc, May 16, 1997
• Deep Blue vs Micros - an interesting result just available by Robert Hyatt, rgcc, May 22, 1997
• Deep Blue news by Jonathan Schaeffer, CCC, September 23, 1997
• Deep Blue team to disclose their files by Jack van Rijswijck, CCC, October 20, 1997
• Meeting M. Campbell and Joe Hoane by Han Schut, rgcc, October 21, 1997

1998

• Deep Blue eval function tuning technique by Stuart Cracraft, CCC, January 08, 1998 » Automated Tuning
• Deep Blue-Part I by Keith Ian Price, rgcc, May 1, 1998
• Deep Blue-Part II by Keith Ian Price, rgcc, May 2, 1998
• Deep Blue afterthoughts by Ingo Althöfer, CCC, May 09, 1998
• Deep Blue-Part III by Keith Ian Price, rgcc, May 10, 1998
• Deep Blue chip talk by David Fotland, CCC, August 19, 1998

2000 ...

• DB NPS (anyone know the position used)? by Chris Carson, CCC, January 25, 2000 » Nodes per second
• Wanted: Deep Blue vs. today's top programs recap by Mig Greengard, CCC, August 25, 2001
• "Deep Blue ..." in 1995 by Ingo Althöfer, CCC, October 14, 2002
• DeepBlue && SingularExtensions && !Nullmoving by Vladimir Medvedev, CCC, October 16, 2002 » Singular Extensions, Null Move Pruning
• deep blue's automatic tuning of evaluation function by Emerson Tan, CCC, March 22, 2003 » Automated Tuning

2005 ...

• Kasparov [HBR interview] : 'IBM committed a crime against science.' by José Antônio Fabiano Mendes, CCC, April 26, 2005 ^[8]
• (Obvious troll) Kasparov vs DB-I was a disaster for human chess by Walter Faxon, CCC, May 06, 2005
• Adjusting weights the Deep Blue way by Tony van Roon-Werten, Winboard Forum, August 29, 2008 » Automated Tuning

2010 ...

• Performancerating of Kasparov and Deep Blue in their matches by Jens Bæk Nielsen, CCC, October 11, 2012
• 24 February 1993 - a disastrous day for Deep Blue by Jens Bæk Nielsen, CCC, February 24, 2013
• 4 hours video: B Larsen met Deep Blue in 1993 in Copenhagen by Jens Bæk Nielsen, CCC, June 01, 2014

2015 ...

• New Pictures from Kasparov vs. Deep Blue by Steve Maughan, CCC, February 10, 2016 ^[9]
• Hash Tables Deep Blue by Gustavo Mallada, CCC, May 18, 2017 » Transposition Table

External Links

• IBM Research | Deep Blue | Overview
• Deep Blue from The Computer History Museum
• Deep Blue from Wikipedia
• Games at chessgames.com
• Deep Blue Prototype ICGA Tournaments
• IBM research: The making of Deep Blue
• IBM research: Home on the rematch
• "Deep Blue" inspires deep thinking about artificial intelligence by computer scientist by Robert Irion, May 5, 1997 ^[10]
• Modern Masters of an Ancient Game (pdf) by Carol McKenna Hamilton and Sara Hedberg AI Magazine Volume 18 Number 4 (1997) (© AAAI)
• Searching for Deep Blue, BYTE July 1997 by Tom R. Halfhill
• Chess, Deep Blue, Kasparov and Intelligence articles taken from the Archives of the New York Times
• Von Kemplen's "The Turk" and IBM's "Deep Blue" Conspiracies of a Hidden Human by Garnet Hertz, November 9, 2005
• The Week in Chess Magazine: Open Letter from Feng-hsiung Hsu
• ChessBase: Behind Deep Blue A review by James E. DuBois
• A Decade After Kasparov's Defeat, Deep Blue Coder Relives Victory Wired News Interview with Murray Campbell 05.11.07
• Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (part one) by Albert Silver, ChessBase News, December 26, 2014 » Komodo, Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997 ^[11]
• Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (part two) by Albert Silver, ChessBase News, December 31, 2014
• Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (part three) by Albert Silver, ChessBase News, January 09, 2015
• 20 years ago, a computer first beat a chess world champion - 1996-1997 The Kasparov-Deep Blue chess matches by Alex Q. Arbuckle, February 10, 2016
• 20 Years after Deep Blue: How AI Has Advanced Since Conquering Chess by Larry Greenemeier, Scientific American, June 2, 2017 ^[12] » Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997, Murray Campbell

Videos

• Chess computer Deep Blue and Bent Larsen in Copenhagen 1993 part 1, YouTube Videos ^[13]
• Chess computer Deep Blue and Bent Larsen in Copenhagen 1993 part 2
• Chess computer Deep Blue and Bent Larsen in Copenhagen 1993 part 3 (final)
• IBM Research scientist Dr. Murray Campbell on Deep Blue, YouTube Video
  
• Checkmate: Members of IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World of Computer Chess, June 1, 2013 » Computer Chess - A Movie, Murray Campbell
• Deep Purple - Highway Star, Machine Head (1972), YouTube Video
  

References

1. ^ Deep blue chip, International Business Machines (IBM), 1997, Gift of Feng-hsiung Hsu, The Computer History Museum
2. ^ Deep Thought (Chess) (ICGA Tournaments)
3. ^ The core Deep Blue team from The Computer History Museum, Courtesy of IBM Archives
4. ^ "Deep Blue" inspires deep thinking about artificial intelligence by computer scientist by Robert Irion, May 5, 1997
5. ^ Hans Berliner (1998). Review of Monty Newborn: Kasparov versus Deep Blue. pdf
6. ^ Re: ICCA Journal Sinks To A New Low by Amir Ban, CCC, January 25, 1998
7. ^ Monroe Newborn (1997). Kasparov versus Deep Blue: Computer Chess Comes of Age. Springer
8. ^ Strategic Intensity - A Conversation with World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov by Diane L. Coutu, Harvard Business Review, April 2005
9. ^ 20 years ago, a computer first beat a chess world champion - 1996-1997 The Kasparov-Deep Blue chess matches by Alex Q. Arbuckle, February 10, 2016
10. ^ Robert Levinson, Jeff Wilkinson (1997). Deep Blue is Still an Infant. AAAI Technical Report WS-97-04
11. ^ Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (1/2) by Graham Banks, CCC, December 27, 2014
12. ^ Scientific American article on Computer Chess by Mark Lefler, CCC, June 03, 2017
13. ^ 4 hours video: B Larsen met Deep Blue in 1993 in Copenhagen by Jens Bæk Nielsen, CCC, June 01, 2014

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