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**[[Home]] * Chess**
|| [[image:ChessWillkinson.jpg width="250" height="250" link="http://www.jmrw.com/Chess/Tableau_echecs/pages/188.htm"]] ||~ || **Chess**,
a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-player_game|two-player]] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum_%28game_theory%29|zero-sum]] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_strategy|abstract strategy]] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game|board game]] with [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_information|perfect information]] as classified by [[John von Neumann]]. Chess has an estimated [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_complexity#State-space_complexity|state-space complexity]] of 10<span style="font-size: 80%; vertical-align: super;">46</span> <ref>[[Shirish Chinchalkar]] (**1996**). //An Upper Bound for the Number of Reachable Positions//. [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 181-183</ref> , the estimated [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_complexity#Game-tree_complexity|game tree complexity]] of 10<span style="font-size: 80%; vertical-align: super;">123</span> is based on an [[Branching Factor|average branching factor]] of 35 and an average game length of 80 [[Ply|ply]] <ref>[[Victor Allis]] (**1994**). //Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence//. Ph.D. Thesis, [[Maastricht University|University of Limburg]], [[http://fragrieu.free.fr/SearchingForSolutions.pdf|pdf]], 6.3.9 Chess pp. 171</ref> .
This page is about the basic chess items, [[Chessboard|chessboard]], [[Pieces|pieces]] and [[Moves|moves]], and how they are considered or encoded inside a chess program, to either represent a [[Chess Position|chess position]] inside its [[Search|search]] and to play the [[Chess Game|game of chess]]. It sub-pages intersect with [[Evaluation|evaluation]], [[Board Representation|board representation]] and even [[Search|search]] topics. ||
|| [[Arts#Wilkinson|Mark Wilkinson]], Chess <ref>[[http://www.jmrw.com/Chess/Tableau_echecs/index.htm|Tableaux ayant pour sujet les échecs]]</ref> ||~ ||^ ||
[[toc]]
=Board and Squares=
* [[Chessboard]]
* [[Squares]]
* [[Ranks]]
* [[Files]]
* [[Diagonals]]
* [[Anti-Diagonals]]
* [[Rays]] as subset of Lines
=Pieces and Moves=
* [[Moves]]
* [[Pieces]]
* [[Trajectory]]
=Color and Side=
* [[Color]]
* [[Side to move]]
=The Game of Chess=
* [[Chess Game]]
* [[Chess Position]]
* [[Chess Server]]
* [[Game Notation]]
* [[Match Statistics]]
* [[Playing Strength]]
* [[Rules of Chess]] (Computer Chess related)
* [[Time Management]]
==During the Game==
* [[Blockade]]
* [[Check]]
* [[Fortress]]
* [[Strategy]]
* [[Tactics]]
* [[Tempo]]
* [[Transposition]]
==The End==
* [[Checkmate]]
* [[Draw]]
[[#Variants]]
=Chess Variants=
* [[Losing Chess|Antichess]] (Losing Chess)
* [[Atomic Chess]]
* [[Capablanca Chess]]
* [[Chess960]] or Fischer Random Chess (FRC)
* [[Chinese Chess]]
* [[Crazyhouse]]
* [[Gothic Chess]]
* [[Kinglet]]
* [[Knightmate Chess]]
* [[Losing Chess]]
* [[Nightrider Chess]]
* [[Seirawan Chess]] <ref>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seirawan_chess|Seirawan chess from Wikipedia]]</ref>
* [[Shatranj]]
* [[Shogi]] (Japanese Chess)
* [[Shuffle Chess]]
* [[Losing Chess|Suicide Chess]] (Losing Chess)
=Chess Problems=
* [[Chess Problems, Compositions and Studies]]
* [[Retrograde Analysis]]
[[#ChessAndMathematics]]
=Chess and Mathematics=
> [[include component="pageList" hideInternal="true" tag="mathematics" limit="100"]]
[[#Maxima]]
=Chess Maxima=
* In 1966, Eero Bonsdorff, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fabel|Karl Fabel]], and Olvai Riihimaa gave 5899 as the maximum number of [[Moves|moves]] in a chess game <ref>Eero Bonsdorff, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Fabel|Karl Fabel]], Olvai Riihimaa (**1966**) //Schach und Zahl - Unterhaltsame Schachmathematik//. Seite 11-13, Walter Rau Verlag, Düsseldorf (German)</ref> <ref>[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/50-Z%C3%BCge-Regel#Schachmathematik|50-Züge-Regel - Schachmathematik from Wikipedia.de]] (German)</ref> <ref>[[http://www.xs4all.nl/~timkr/chess2/honor.htm|Defending Humanity's Honor]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Krabb%C3%A9|Tim Krabbé]], see game [[Rival|NewRival]] - [[Faile]] with 493 moves, and playing 402 moves with bare kings!</ref>
* [[Shirish Chinchalkar]] has determined a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_complexity#State-space_complexity|state-space complexity]] of 10<span style="font-size: 80%; vertical-align: super;">46.25</span> as upper bound for the number of reachable [[Chess Position|chess positions]] <ref>[[Shirish Chinchalkar]] (**1996**). //An Upper Bound for the Number of Reachable Positions//. [[ICGA Journal#19_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3]]</ref>, [[John Tromp]] gives about 10^45.888 <ref>[[http://tromp.github.io/chess/chess.html|John's Chess Playground - Number of chess diagrams and positions]]</ref> <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51744&start=3|Re: Total possible chess positions?]] by [[Álvaro Begué]], [[CCC]], March 26, 2014</ref>
* The [[Encoding Moves#MoveIndex|maximum number of moves]] per [[Chess Position|chess position]] seems 218 <ref>[[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=272654|Does this position blow up your program?]] by [[Michael Byrne|Mike Byrne]], [[CCC]], December 23, 2002</ref> <ref>[[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=424966|Subject: Maximum Number of Legal Moves]] by [[http://onezero.org/|Andrew Shapira]], [[CCC]], May 08, 2005</ref>
> [[image:http://webchess.freehostia.com/diag/chessdiag.php?fen=R6R/3Q4/1Q4Q1/4Q3/2Q4Q/Q4Q2/pp1Q4/kBNN1KB1%20w%20-%20-&size=large&coord=yes&cap=no&stm=yes&fb=no&theme=classic&color1=E3CEAA&color2=635147&color3=000000 caption="R6R/3Q4/1Q4Q1/4Q3/2Q4Q/Q4Q2/pp1Q4/kBNN1KB1 w - - 0 1"]]
=Chess and Psychology=
> [[include component="pageList" hideInternal="true" tag="psychology" limit="100"]]
=Chess and Philosophy=
Quote from //Philosophy Looks at Chess// <ref>[[http://www.opencourtbooks.com/books_n/philosophy_looks_at_chess.htm|Philosophy Looks at Chess]] by [[http://www.practicalreason.com/|Benjamin Hale]]</ref> :
|| {{The game of chess has endured since at least the sixth century. Its earliest variant, the Indian game of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaturanga|Chaturanga]], was from the beginning a game for thinkers. Since its inception, scholars, statesmen, strategists, and warriors have been fascinated by the game and its variants. German [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy|philosopher]] [[Mathematician#EmanuelLasker|Emanuel Lasker]] and famed French artist [[Arts#Duchamp|Marcel Duchamp]] were both Grandmasters at chess. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx|Karl Marx]] played chess avidly, as did [[Mathematician#BRussell|Sir Bertrand Russell]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre|Jean-Paul Sartre]], and the logical positivist [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Black|Max Black]]. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau|Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]}} <ref>[[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/rousseau.html|Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Chess]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29|Edward Winter]]</ref> {{mentions in his Confessions that, at the time, he "had another expedient, not less solid, in the game of chess, to which I regularly dedicated, at Maugis's, the evenings on which I did not go to the theater. I became acquainted with [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legall_de_Kermeur|M. de Légal]], M. Husson, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor|Philidor]], and all the great chess players of the day, without making the least improvement in the game." More recently, philosopher [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Rachels|Stuart Rachels]] reports that his father, the late philosopher and prominent [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicist|ethicist]] [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rachels|James Rachels]], received a bribe from a Russian Grandmaster while he was the chair of the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation|U.S. Chess Federation's]] Ethics committee.}} ||
=Chess Programs called Chess=
* [[Chess (Program)|Chess]] the [[Northwestern University]] Chess Program by [[Larry Atkin]] and [[David Slate]]
* [[Chess 0.5]] by [[Larry Atkin]] and [[Peter W. Frey]]
* [[Chess 0.5X]] by [[Wim Elsenaar]]
* [[Chess 2001]], [[Dedicated Chess Computers]]
* [[Chess 2013|Chess 201x]] by [[Filip Höfer]]
* [[Chess-64]] by [[Fabien Letouzey]]
* [[Chess 7.0]] by [[Larry Atkin]]
=See also=
* [[Anti-Computerchess]]
* [[Arts]]
* [[Cartoons]]
* [[Databases|Chess Databases]]
* [[Engines|Chess Engines]]
* [[Morphy#ChessFever|Chess Fever (Shakhmatnaya goryachka)]]
* [[Various Classifications#ChessLegend|Chess legends]]
* [[Chess Query Language]]
* [[Cognition]]
* [[History#ComputerChess|Computer Chess - A Movie]]
* [[Artificial Intelligence|Computer Chess and AI]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Learning]]
* [[Psychology]]
=Publications=
==1949==
* [[Claude Shannon]] (**1949**). //[[http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt|Programming a Computer for Playing Chess]]//. [[http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon/2-0%20and%202-1.Programming_a_computer_for_playing_chess.shannon.062303002.pdf|pdf]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
==1950 ...==
* [[Claude Shannon]] (**1950**). //A Chess-Playing Machine//. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 182 (No. 2, February 1950), pp. 48-51. Reprinted in [[http://www.amazon.com/World-Mathematics-Vol-4/dp/0486411524/ref=pd_sim_b_1|The World of Mathematics]], edited by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Newman|James R. Newman]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_&_Schuster|Simon & Schuster, NY]], Vol. 4, 1956, pp. 2124-2133. Included in Part B
* [[Mathematician#JBSHaldane|J. B. S. Haldane]] (**1952**). //[[http://bjps.oxfordjournals.org/content/III/10/189.full.pdf+html|The mechanical chess-player]]//. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Journal_for_the_Philosophy_of_Science|British Journal of Philosophy of Science]], [[http://ftp.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/bib/toc/bjps.html#III%289%29:May:1952|Vol. 3, No. 10]]
* [[Alan Turing]] (**1953**). //**Chess**//. part of the collection //Digital Computers Applied to Games//. in [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._V._Bowden,_Baron_Bowden|Bertram Vivian Bowden]] (editor), //[[http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/cgi-bin/sitewise.pl?act=det&p=10719|Faster Than Thought]]//, a symposium on digital computing machines, reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]], reprinted 2004 in Chapter 16 of //The Essential Turing//.
==1955 ...==
* [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]] (**1957**). //Experiments in chess on electronic computing machines//. Chess Review, 13 January 1957.
* [[James Kister]], [[Paul Stein]], [[Stanislaw Ulam]], [[William Walden]], [[Mark Wells]] (**1957**). //[[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=320868.320877&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE&CFID=628969023&CFTOKEN=30690604|Experiments in Chess]]//. [[ACM#Journal|Journal of the ACM]], Vol. 4, No. 2
* [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] (**1958**). //Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity//. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335
* [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]] (**1958**). //[[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431614f690f16|Computer vs. Chess-Player]]//. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 198, pp. 96-105. [[http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958/Computer_V_ChessPlayer.Bernstein_Roberts.Scientific_American.June-1958.062303059.sm.pdf|pdf]] from [[The Computer History Museum]], reprinted 1988 in [[Computer Chess Compendium]]
* [[Alex Bernstein]], [[Michael de V. Roberts]], [[Timothy Arbuckle]], [[Martin Belsky]] (**1958**). //[[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=doc-431e18a41d415|A chess playing program for the IBM 704]]//. Proceedings of the 1958 Western Joint Computer Conference, pp. 157-159, Los Angeles, California. [[http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/2-2.A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein_Roberts_Arbuckle_Belsky/A_Chess_Playing_Program_for_the_IBM_704.Bernstein_Roberts_Arbuckle_Belsky.062303011.pdf|pdf]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
==1960 ...==
* [[Alan Kotok]] (**1962**). //A Chess Playing Program for the IBM 7090//, B.S. Thesis, MIT, AI Project Memo 41, Computation Center, Cambridge MA. [[http://www.kotok.org/AK-Thesis-1962.pdf|pdf]]
==1965 ...==
* [[Jack Good]] (**1968**). //A Five-Year Plan for Automatic Chess//. [[http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~shm/MI/mi2.html|Machine Intelligence Vol. 2]], pp. 110-115
* [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] (**1968**). //Algoritm igry v shakhmaty//. (The algorithm of chess)
==1970 ...==
* [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]], [[Vladimir Arlazarov]], [[Alexander Bitman]], [[Alexander Zhivotovsky]], [[Anatoly Uskov]] (**1970**). //[[http://iopscience.iop.org/0036-0279/25/2/R07|Programming a Computer to Play Chess]]//. [[http://iopscience.iop.org/0036-0279/25/2|Russian Mathematical Surveys, Vol. 25]], pp. 221-262.
==1975 ...==
* [[Ron Atkin]], [[Ian H. Witten]] (**1975**). //[[http://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2b91106ea980eb48aa505f6b54c130707/dblp|A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Positional Chess]]//. [[http://www.interaction-design.org/references/periodicals/international_journal_of_man-machine_studies_volume_7.html|International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 7, No. 6]]
* [[Ron Atkin]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hartston|William Hartston]], [[Ian H. Witten]] (**1976**). //[[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020737376800181|Fred CHAMP, Positional-Chess Analyst]]//. [[http://www.interaction-design.org/references/periodicals/international_journal_of_man-machine_studies_volume_8.html|International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 8, No. 5]]
* [[Donald Michie]] (**1976**). //An Advice-Taking System for Computer Chess.// Computer Bulletin, Ser. 2, Vol. 10, pp. 12-14. ISSN 0010-4531.
==1980 ...==
* [[Aviezri Fraenkel]], [[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/l/Lichtenstein:David.html|David Lichtenstein]] (**1981**). //[[http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-10843-2_23|Computing a Perfect Strategy for n x n Chess Requires Time Exponential in N]]//. [[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/journals/jct/jcta31.html#FraenkelL81|Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Ser. A, Vol. 31, No. 2]]
==1985 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] (**1985**). //Das 3-Hirn - Entscheidungsteilung im Schach.// [[Computerschach und Spiele]], pp. 20-22 (German)
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] (**1989**). //A Survey of Some Results in Theoretical Game Tree Search and the 'Dreihirn'-experiment.// Proceedings Workshop on New Directions in Game-tree Search, pp. 16-32. Edmonton, Canada.
==1990 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] (**1991**). //Selective trees and majority systems: two experiments with commercial chess computers//. [[Advances in Computer Chess 6]]
* [[Robert Levinson]], [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Tony Marsland]], [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[David Wilkins]] (**1991**). //The Role of Chess in Artificial Intelligence Research//. [[http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-91-VOL1/CONTENT/content.htm|IJCAI 1991]], [[http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-91-VOL1/PDF/084.pdf|pdf]], also in [[ICGA Journal|ICCA Journal]], Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 153-161, [[http://www.ai.sri.com/%7Ewilkins/papers/chess-panel.pdf|pdf]]
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] (**1994**). //[[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/abstracts/chess_program.html|Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory]].// [[Advances in Computer Chess 7]]
==1995 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] (**1997**). //A Symbiosis of Man and Machine Beats Grandmaster Timoshchenko.// [[ICGA Journal#20_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1]]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] (**1997**). //On the k-best Mode in Computer Chess: Measuring the Similarity of Move Proposals.// [[ICGA Journal#20_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3]]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] (**1998**). //LIST-3-HIRN vs. Grandmaster Yusupov. - A Report on a Very Experimental Match, Part I: The Games.// [[ICGA Journal#21_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1]]
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] (**1998**). //13 Jahre 3-Hirn – Meine Schach-Experimente mit Mensch-Maschinen-Kombinationen.// ISBN 3-00-003100-6. (German)
==2000 ...==
* [[Ingo Althöfer]] (**2001**). //Grandmaster Chess with one-sided Computer Help.// [[ICGA Journal#24_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No.4]]
* [[Marek Strejczek]] (**2004**). //Some aspects of chess programming//. [[Technical University of Łódź]], Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Department of Computer Science, Supervisor [[Maciej Szmit]], [[http://nesik.republika.pl/download//SomeAspectsOfChessProgramming.zip|zipped pdf]], [[http://www.top-5000.nl/ps/SomeAspectsOfChessProgramming.pdf|pdf]]
* [[Henk Mannen]], [[Marco Wiering]] (**2004**). //[[http://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=xVas0I8AAAAJ&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view=xVas0I8AAAAJ:7PzlFSSx8tAC|Learning to play chess using TD(λ)-learning with database games]]//. [[http://students.uu.nl/en/hum/cognitive-artificial-intelligence|Cognitive Artificial Intelligence]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_University|Utrecht University]], Benelearn’04
==2005 ...==
* [[Fernand Gobet]], [[Peter Jansen]] (**2005**). //Training in Chess: A Scientific Approach//. [[http://www.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/preprints/Training_in_chess.PDF|pdf]]
* [[Aviezri Fraenkel]] (**2006**). //Nim is Easy, Chess is Hard – But Why??// [[ICGA Journal#29_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4]], [[http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~fraenkel/Papers/ICGA.pdf|pdf]]
* [[Diego Rasskin-Gutman]] (**2009**). //[[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11847|Chess Metaphors - Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind]]//. ISBN-13: 978-0-262-18267-6, translated by [[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/author/default.asp?aid=36831|Deborah Klosky]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press|MIT Press]] <ref>[[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6097|Chess Metaphors – Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind]] by [[Diego Rasskin-Gutman]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], January 28, 2010</ref>
* [[Bernd Blasius]], [[Ralf Tönjes]] (**2009**). //[[http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.218701|Zipf's Law in the Popularity Distribution of Chess Openings]]//. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters|Physical Review Letters]], 103, 218701, [[http://www.icbm.de/fileadmin/user_upload/icbm/ag/mathmod/download/BlasiusToenjes2009.pdf|pdf]] <ref>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%27s_law|Zipf's law from WIkipedia]]</ref>
* [[Shay Bushinsky]] (**2009**). //[[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/2255|Deus Ex Machina— A Higher Creative Species in the Game of Chess]]//. [[AAAI#AIMAG|AI Magazine]], Vol. 30, No. 3 » [[Artificial Intelligence#MachineCreativity|Machine Creativity]] <ref>[[http://en.chessbase.com/post/machine-creativity-what-it-is-and-what-it-isn-t|Machine creativity: what it is and what it isn't]] by [[Albert Silver]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], August 28, 2016</ref>
==2010 ...==
* [[Christian Hesse]] (**2011**). //[[http://www.newinchess.com/The_Joys_of_Chess-p-953.html|The Joys of Chess - Heroes, Battles & Brilliancies]]//. ISBN: 978-90-5691-355-7, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_In_Chess|New In Chess]] <ref>[[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7775|The joys of chess – and the value of the pieces]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 21, 2011</ref>
* [[Frédéric Prost]] (**2012**). //On the Impact of Information Technologies on Society: an Historical Perspective through the Game of Chess//. Turing-100. The [[Alan Turing]] Centenary, [[http://www.easychair.org/publications/?page=1900403647|EPiC Volume 10]]
* [[Matej Guid]], [[Ivan Bratko]] (**2012**). //Detecting Fortresses in Chess//. [[http://ev.fe.uni-lj.si/|Elektrotehniški vestnik]], Vol. 79, Nos. 1-2, [[https://ailab.si/matej/doc/Detecting_Fortresses_in_Chess.pdf|pdf]] » [[Rybka]], [[Houdini]] <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64306&start=27|Re: Tony's positional test suite]] by [[Louis Zulli]], [[CCC]], August 01, 2017</ref>
* [[Kristian Spoerer]], [[Toshihisa Okaneya]], [[Kokolo Ikeda]], [[Hiroyuki Iida]] (**2013**). //Further Investigations of 3-Member Simple Majority Voting for Chess//. [[CG 2013]]
* [[Katja Grace]] (**2013**). //Algorithmic Progress in Six Domains//. Technical report 2013-3, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute|Machine Intelligence Research Institute]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California|Berkeley, CA]], [[http://intelligence.org/files/AlgorithmicProgress.pdf|pdf]], 5 [[Games|Game Playing]], 5.1 [[Chess]], 5.2 [[Go]], 9 [[Learning|Machine Learning]]
* [[Nick Pelling]] (**2013**). //[[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Chess-Superminiatures-Nick-Pelling-ebook/dp/B00HEOZ8B6|Chess Superminiatures]]//. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book|eBook]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle|Kindle edition]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com|Amazon]]
* [[John Nunn]] (**2014**). //Maths and Chess//. [[ICGA Journal#37_4|ICGA Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4]]
* [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Jason Zhou]] (**2014**). //Human and Computer Preferences at Chess//. [[http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/RBZ14aaai.pdf|pdf]]
==2015 ...==
* [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]] (**2015**). //Measuring Level-K Reasoning, Satisficing, and Human Error in Game-Play Data//. [[IEEE]] [[http://www.icmla-conference.org/icmla15/|ICMLA 2015]], [[http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~regan/papers/pdf/BiRe15_ICMLA2015.pdf|pdf preprint]]
* [[Vito Janko]], [[Matej Guid]] (**2015**). //Development of a Program for Playing Progressive Chess//. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]] <ref>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_chess|Progressive chess from Wikipedia]]</ref>
* [[Guy Haworth]], [[Tamal T. Biswas]], [[Kenneth Wingate Regan|Kenneth W. Regan]] (**2015**). //[[http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/39431/|A Comparative Review of Skill Assessment: Performance, Prediction and Profiling]]//. [[Advances in Computer Games 14]]
* [[Muthuraman Chidambaram]], [[Yanjun Qi]] (**2017**). //Style Transfer Generative Adversarial Networks: Learning to Play Chess Differently//. [[https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.06762v1|arXiv:1702.06762v1]] <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63252|Using GAN to play chess]] by Evgeniy Zheltonozhskiy, [[CCC]], February 23, 2017</ref> » [[Neural Networks]]
* [[Lyudmil Tsvetkov]] (**2017**). //[[http://www.secretofchess.com/|The Secret of Chess]]//. <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64776|The Secret of Chess]] by [[Lyudmil Tsvetkov]], [[CCC]], August 01, 2017</ref>
* [[David Silver]], [[Thomas Hubert]], [[Julian Schrittwieser]], [[Ioannis Antonoglou]], [[Matthew Lai]], [[Arthur Guez]], [[Marc Lanctot]], [[Laurent Sifre]], [[Dharshan Kumaran]], [[Thore Graepel]], [[Timothy Lillicrap]], [[Karen Simonyan]], [[Demis Hassabis]] (**2017**). //Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm//. [[https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.01815|arXiv:1712.01815]] » [[AlphaZero]]
=Forum Posts=
==1989==
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/wqAWR7ylU4w/PTvP5DbWadcJ|Can Chess Help Adapt to Life?]] by [[Michael Valvo|Mike Valvo]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgc]], September 06, 1989
==1990 ...==
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.programmer/0Mctf2NWmr0/wv5AofD6T28J|Is chess in NP?]] by Antti Juhani Ylikoski, [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.programmer]], May 26, 1997
==2000 ...==
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=272654|Does this position blow up your program?]] by [[Michael Byrne|Mike Byrne]], [[CCC]], December 23, 2002
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=424966|Subject: Maximum Number of Legal Moves]] by [[http://onezero.org/|Andrew Shapira]], [[CCC]], May 08, 2005
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=17338|Variants and Board Size]] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], October 25, 2007
==2010 ...==
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=39332|max amount of moves from a position?]] by [[Srdja Matovic]], [[CCC]], June 10, 2011
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41388|Contest: Find Position with the most moves]] by [[Charles Roberson]], [[CCC]], December 09, 2011
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=43291|New chess variants]] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], March 03, 2012 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46490|Chess and the "Golden Ratio"...]] by [[Steve Maughan]], [[CCC]], December 19, 2012
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50473|Chess with incomplete information]] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], December 13, 2013
**2014**
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=51744|Total possible chess positions?]] by [[Matthew R. Brades]], [[CCC]], March 26, 2014
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=53734|for Chess-variant authors]] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], September 17, 2014 » [[Chess Engine Communication Protocol]], [[WinBoard]], [[XBoard]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54124|XBoard and chess variants]] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], October 28, 2014
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54162|UCCI2WB]] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], October 27, 2014 » [[Chinese Chess]] (Universal Chinese Chess Interface, UCCI)
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54167|UCI protocol for chess variants]] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], October 28, 2014 » [[UCI]]
==2015 ...==
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56007|Most common chess variant?]] by [[Stefano Gemma]], [[CCC]], April 15, 2015 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=57696|The future of chess and elo ratings]] by [[Larry Kaufman]], [[CCC]], September 20, 2015 » [[Match Statistics]], [[Opening Book]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58482|Winboard 4.8.0b and Amazon chess variant]] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 05, 2015 » [[WinBoard]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58518|Matibay an amazon chess variant engine]] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 08, 2015
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58533|Masipag, a nightrider chess variant engine]] by [[Ferdinand Mosca]], [[CCC]], December 09, 2015
**2016**
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=58808|Grande Acedrex]] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], January 04, 2016
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59080|Tamerlane Chess]] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], January 28, 2016
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=60387|New chess variant]] by [[Evert Glebbeek]], [[CCC]], June 06, 2016 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=61792|Max moves in a position]] by [[Laurie Tunnicliffe]], [[CCC]], October 22, 2016 » [[Chess#Maxima|Chess Maxima]]
**2017**
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=63525|Winboard variants online]] by [[Erin Dame]], [[CCC]], March 22, 2017 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]], [[WinBoard]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65268|The Peace-Chess Challenge]] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], September 24, 2017 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65292|Weakly vs strongly solving chess]] by Greg Simpson, [[CCC]], September 26, 2017
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65962|best board representation for variants (javascript) ?]] by [[Mahmoud Uthman]], [[CCC]], December 10, 2017 » [[Board Representation]], [[JavaScript]]
**2018**
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66298|Is modern chess software lossless or lossy?]] by Meni Rosenfeld, [[CCC]], January 10, 2018 » [[Playing Strength]], [[Selectivity]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66302|Is chess still 99% tactics?]] by [[Alvaro Cardoso]], [[CCC]], January 11, 2018 » [[Tactics]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=66364|A Chess variant with low draw rate]] by [[Kai Laskos]], [[CCC]], January 19, 2018 » [[Games#ChessVariants|Chess Variants]]
=External Links=
==Wikipedia==
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess|Chess from Wikipedia]]
> [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_theory|Chess theory from Wikipedia]]
> [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess|Computer chess from Wikipedia]]
> [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess|First-move advantage in chess from Wikipedia]]
> [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chess|Outline of chess from Wikipedia]]
> [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess|Rules of Chess from Wikipedia]]
> [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_chess|School of chess from Wikipedia]]
> [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving_chess|Solving chess from Wikipedia]]
> [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_terminology|Glossary of chess from Wikipedia]]
==Chess==
* [[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess|Chess from Wikibooks]]
* [[http://www.chess-museum.com/links.html|Welcome to the Chess Museum - Links]]
* [[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/earliest.html|Earliest Occurrences of Chess Terms]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29|Edward Winter]]
* [[http://www.chesshistory.com/|Chess History Center - Chess Notes]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winter_%28chess_historian%29|Edward Winter]]
* [[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Chess.html|Chess]] from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld|MathWorld - A Wolfram Web Resource]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein|Eric W. Weisstein]]
==Chess Variants==
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_variant|Chess variant from Wikipedia]]
* [[http://www.chessvariants.org/|The Chess Variant Pages]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_L._Bodlaender|Hans L. Bodlaender]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chess|Fairy chess from Wikipedia]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece|Fairy chess piece from Wikipedia]]
* [[http://www.gnu.org/software/xboard/Betza.html|Betza notation and XBoard]] » [[Moves]], [[XBoard]]
==Misc==
* [[http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/chess/|CHESS - Microsoft Research]] a tool for finding and reproducing [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unusual_software_bug|Heisenbugs]] in concurrent programs.
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_%28musical%29|Chess (musical) from Wikipedia]]
* [[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009jfnh|BBC World Service Programmes - The Friday Documentary: Seeking The Endgame]], by Simon Terrington, with statements by [[David Levy]] et al. <ref>[[http://hiarcs.net/forums/viewtopic.php?t=3674|BBC Computer Chess Radio Programme]] by [[Harvey Williamson]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Hiarcs Forum]], September 11, 2010</ref>
* [[http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20151201-the-cyborg-chess-players-that-cant-be-beaten|BBC - Future - The cyborg chess players that can’t be beaten]] by [[http://www.chrisbaraniuk.com/|Chris Baraniuk]], December 04, 2015 » [[David Levy]], [[Boris Alterman]], [[Shay Bushinsky]], [[Mark Lefler]]
* [[http://www.permutationpuzzles.org/chess/math_chess.html|Mathematics and Chess Page]]
* [[http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/chess|SFE - The Science Fiction Encyclopedia - Chess]]
* [[Videos#AnthonyBraxton|Anthony Braxton]] Interview - Chess, Math & Music, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube|YouTube]] Video
> [[media type="custom" key="24759298"]]
* [[Arts#Duchamp|Marcel Duchamp]] on Chess, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube|YouTube]] Video
> [[media type="youtube" key="PIOyUEGBn-U" width="480"]]
=References=
<references />
**[[Home|Up one Level]]**