Deep Blue

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GerdIsenberg GerdIsenberg Aug 1, 2017 

**[[Home]] * [[Engines]] * Deep Blue**
|| [[image:5-4.Deep_Blue_chip,lg.jpg width="312" height="312" link="http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=art-431614f45291e"]] ||~   || **Deep Blue**,
the [[IBM]] sponsored successor of the chess entity [[Deep Thought]].

The project was initially started 1985 as [[ChipTest]] at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] by the computer science doctoral students [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] and [[Thomas Anantharaman]]. [[Murray Campbell]], former co-developer of [[HiTech]], joined the ChipTest team a few months later. The program was named **Deep Thought** after the fictional computer of the same name from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]. Hsu and Campbell joined IBM in 1989, Deep Blue was developed out of this. The name is a play on Deep Thought and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Blue|Big Blue]], IBM's nickname. The declared target was to become the strongest chess entity ever and to beat the human world champion. ||
|| Deep blue chip <ref>[[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=art-431614f45291e|Deep blue chip]], [[IBM|International Business Machines (IBM)]], 1997, Gift of [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> ||~   ||^   ||
[[toc]]
=WCCC 1995= 
**Deep Blue Prototype** missed the expected win at the [[WCCC 1995]] by losing the [[http://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/round.php?tournament=29&round=5&id=4|decisive match]] in round 5 against [[Fritz]] after king castling into Fritz's half open g-file. Description given in 1995 from the [[ICGA]] site <ref>[[http://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=349|Deep Thought (Chess) (ICGA Tournaments)]]</ref> :
|| {{Deep Blue Prototype consists of an IBM RS/6000 workstation with 14 chess search engines as slave processors. Each processor contains a VLSI chip for move generation, as well as additional hardware for search and evaluation. Each Deep Thought 2 processor searches about 500,000 positions per second standalone, or about 400,000 positions per second as a slave processor. (This is about 1/10th of the projected speed of the Deep Blue single-processor currently in fabrication.) The 14- processor Deep Thought 2 typically searches between 3 and 5 million positions per second. When conducting a search, the search tree near the root position is processed on the host workstation, and includes selective search extension algorithms such as singular extensions. The deepest nodes in the search tree are handled by the slave search engines which usually do 4-ply alpha-beta searches.}} ||

=Kasparov versus Deep Blue= 
//Main article//: [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1996]]

Deep Blue was the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov|Garry Kasparov]] under regular time controls. This first win occurred on February 10, 1996, Game 1. However, Kasparov won three games and drew two of the following games, beating Deep Blue by a score of 4–2.

=The Rematch= 
//Main article//: [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997]]

In 1997 Deep Blue won the rematch against Kasparov. He did not recover after the shock by Deep Blues' play in [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997#Games|game 2]]. Kasparov resigned a drawn position, since he missed a deep tricky perpetual check, while he wrongly was confident the machine would not have blundered to allow him to draw. In the final decisive [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997#Games|game 6]] Kasparov was rather indisposed and blundered in the early opening.

=The Deep Blue Team= 
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] - The man who started the Deep Blue project while still in college
* [[Murray Campbell]] - A former chess champion who works with Deep Blue's evaluation function
* [[Joe Hoane|A. Joseph Hoane]] - Deep Blue's software engineer
* C. J. Tan - Senior manager of the Deep Blue development team
* [[Jerry Brody]] - The project's support engineer
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Benjamin|Joel Benjamin]] - development team chess consultant, opening book author

=Photos=
|| [[image:5-0 and 5-4.Campbell_Benjamin.1997.L02645333.IBM_ARCHIVES.lg.jpg width="560" link="http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f67157b"]] ||
|| The core Deep Blue team, [[Joe Hoane]], [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], and [[Murray Campbell]] <ref>[[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431614f67157b|The core Deep Blue team]] from [[The Computer History Museum]],  Courtesy of IBM Archives</ref> ||

=See also= 
* [[History#ComputerChess|Computer Chess - A Movie]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997#TheMachine|The Machine]]

=Selected Publications= 
==1995 ...==
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Joe Hoane]] (**1995**). //Deep Blue System Overview//. International Conference on Supercomputing, pp. 240-244.
**1996**
* [[Paul Hsieh]] (**1996**). //Deep Blue - Deep Thought 2//. [[Computer Chess Reports]], Vol 5, No 3+4, pp. 45
* [[Tony Marsland]] (**1996**). //The ACM Chess Challenge//. [[http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/5-4.ACM_brochure_1996_Kasparov_vs_Deep_Blue/ACM_brochure_1996_Kasparov_vs_Deep_Blue.062303049.sm.pdf|pdf]] from the [[The Computer History Museum]], Courtesy of [[ACM]]
* [[Tony Marsland]] (**1996**). //[[http://ilk.uvt.nl/icga/games/chess/future.php|The Future of Computer Chess]]//. [[ICGA Journal#19_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1]]
* [[Jos Uiterwijk]] (**1996**). //The Kasparov - Deep Blue Match//. [[ICGA Journal#19_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Seirawan|Yasser Seirawan]] (**1996**). //The Kasparov - Deep Blue Games//. [[ICGA Journal#19_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1]]
* [[Hans Berliner]] (**1996**). //Why did Kasparov Blink?// [[ICGA Journal#19_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 19, No. 2]]  
* [[Toshinori Munakata]] (**1996**). //[[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=234001|Thoughts on Deep Blue vs. Kasparov]]//. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 39, No. 7, [[http://cis.csuohio.edu/~munakata/publs/pdf/cacm96.pdf|pdf]]
**1997**
* [[Robert Levinson]], [[Jeff Wilkinson]] (**1997**). //[[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Deep-Blue-is-Still-an-Infant-Levinson-Wilkinson/3ce74263ef7b5d04fdf709b2dd3a519d780ae47f|Deep Blue is Still an Infant]]//. [[AAAI]] Technical Report WS-97-04 <ref>[[http://www1.ucsc.edu/oncampus/currents/97-05-05/chess.htm|"Deep Blue" inspires deep thinking about artificial intelligence by computer scientist]] by [[http://scicom.ucsc.edu/faculty/|Robert Irion]], May 5, 1997</ref>
* [[Monroe Newborn]] (**1997**). //[[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4612-2260-6|Kasparov versus Deep Blue: Computer Chess Comes of Age]].// [[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media|Springer]] <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] (**1998**). //Review of Monty Newborn: Kasparov versus Deep Blue//. [[http://www.ams.org/notices/199804/bkrev-berliner.pdf|pdf]]</ref>
* [[Richard Korf]] (**1997**). //Does Deep Blue use AI?// [[http://www.dblp.org/db/conf/aaai/aaai1997w6.html|AAAI Workshop: Deep Blue Versus Kasparov: The Significance for Artificial Intelligence 1997]], [[http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Workshops/1997/WS-97-04/WS97-04-001.pdf|pdf]]
* [[Tony Marsland]], [[Yngvi Björnsson]]. (**1997**). //From MiniMax to Manhattan//. [[http://www.dblp.org/db/conf/aaai/aaai1997w6.html|AAAI Workshop: Deep Blue Versus Kasparov: The Significance for Artificial Intelligence 1997]], [[http://www.ru.is/faculty/yngvi/pdf/MarslandB97.pdf|pdf]]
* [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[Aske Plaat]] (**1997**). //[[http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~jonathan/PREVIOUS/Grad/Papers/db.html|Kasparov versus Deep Blue: The Rematch]]//. [[ICGA Journal#20_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2]]
* [[Fernand Gobet]] (**1997**). //[[http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~hsstffg/papers/DeepBlue.html|Can Deep Blue make us happy? Reflections on Human and Artificial Expertise]]//. [[http://www.dblp.org/db/conf/aaai/aaai1997w6.html|AAAI Workshop: Deep Blue Versus Kasparov: The Significance for Artificial Intelligence 1997]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Seirawan|Yasser Seirawan]], [[Herbert Simon]], [[Toshinori Munakata]] (**1997**). //[[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=257878|The Implications of Kasparov vs. Deep Blue]]//. [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 40, No. 8, [[http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/text/5-4.The_implications_of_deep_blue_vs_kasparov/5-4.The_implications_of_deep_blue_vs_kasparov.simon_seirawan.1997.ACM.062303057.sm.pdf|pdf]] hosted from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett|Daniel C. Dennet]] (**1997**). //Can Machines Think? Deep Blue and Beyond//. [[ICGA Journal#20_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4]]
* [[Thomas Anantharaman]] (**1997**). //Evaluation Tuning for Computer Chess: Linear Discriminant Methods//. [[ICGA Journal#20_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4]]
* [[Richard Korf]] (**1997**). //Does DEEP BLUE use Artificial Intelligence?// [[ICGA Journal#20_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4]] <ref>[[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=14647|Re: ICCA Journal Sinks To A New Low]] by [[Amir Ban]], [[CCC]], January 25, 1998</ref>
**1998**
* [[Hans Berliner]] (**1998**). //Review of Monty Newborn: Kasparov versus Deep Blue//. [[http://www.ams.org/notices/199804/bkrev-berliner.pdf|pdf]] <ref> [[Monroe Newborn]] (**1997**). //[[http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4612-2260-6|Kasparov versus Deep Blue: Computer Chess Comes of Age]].// [[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media|Springer]]</ref>
**1999**
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] (**1999**). //IBM’s Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips//. IEEE Micro, Vol. 19, No. 2, [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.126.5392&rep=rep1&type=pdf|pdf]]
* [[Murray Campbell]] (**1999**). //Knowledge Discovery in Deep Blue.// [[ACM#Communications|Communications of the ACM]], Vol. 42, No. 11
==2000 ...==
* [[Feng-Hsiung Hsu]] (**2001**). //Ken Thompson and DEEP BLUE//. [[ICGA Journal#24_2|ICGA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2]]
* [[Gerald Tesauro]] (**2001**). //[[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=644397|Comparison Training of Chess Evaluation Functions]]//. In  [[Johannes Fürnkranz]], [[Miroslav Kubat]] (eds.) (**2001**). //[[https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=720|Machines that learn to play games]]//, 117–130, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers|Nova Science Publishers]] » [[Automated Tuning]], [[SCP]]
* [[Murray Campbell]], [[Joe Hoane]], [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] (**2002**). //Deep Blue//. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29|Artificial Intelligence]], Vol. 134, Nos. 1-2
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] (**2002**), //[[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7342.html|Behind Deep Blue]]: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion//. Princeton University Press
* [[Monroe Newborn]] (**2002**). //[[http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0387954619/qid=1092079555/sr=1-3/ref=sr_1_3/103-5426465-5223053?v=glance&s=books|Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone]]//. Springer Verlag
* [[http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/lums/people/brian-bloomfield|Brian Bloomfield]], [[http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/lums/people/theodore-vurdubakis|Theodore Vurdubakis]] (**2008**). //[[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01972240701883922|IBM's Chess Players: On AI and Its Supplements]]//. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Information_Society|The Information Society]], Vol. 24, No. 2 

=Forum Posts= 
==1995 ...== 
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/hsi5bMdZgLU/1EkWxhNVuw0J|Is Computer Chess A Science?]] by Dr Nancy's Sweetie, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], February 21, 1996
**1997**
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/tgR2EbQpqm4/YtR3KqW-FQ4J|Deep Blue vs Micros]] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], February 18, 1997
* [[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/8d9e40f52871cd85|DB Tweaking Between Games]] by [[Michael Gherrity|Mike Gherrity]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], May 13, 1997
* [[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/4b36406ce4053ad5|Learning necessary for chess champion?]] by [[Michael Gherrity|Mike Gherrity]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], May 16, 1997
* [[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/b7d9a8ab0b57ff60|Deep Blue vs Micros - an interesting result just available]] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], May 22, 1997
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=10093|Deep Blue news]] by [[Jonathan Schaeffer]], [[CCC]], September 23, 1997
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=10952|Deep Blue team to disclose their files]] by [[Jack van Rijswijck]], [[CCC]], October 20, 1997
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess.computer/sZ2l8iNhXe4/LLHVNBOKcgkJ|Meeting M. Campbell and Joe Hoane]] by Han Schut, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], October 21, 1997
**1998**
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=13794|Deep Blue eval function tuning technique]] by [[Stuart Cracraft]], [[CCC]], January 08, 1998 » [[Automated Tuning]]
* [[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/ff798bc0d17bcecc|Deep Blue-Part I]] by Keith Ian Price, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], May 1, 1998
* [[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/1d619119f7c3085b|Deep Blue-Part II]] by Keith Ian Price, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], May 2, 1998
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=18229|Deep Blue afterthoughts]] by [[Ingo Althöfer]], [[CCC]], May 09, 1998
* [[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess.computer/browse_frm/thread/a49f01a6832f200f|Deep Blue-Part III]] by Keith Ian Price, [[Computer Chess Forums|rgcc]], May 10, 1998
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=25080|Deep Blue chip talk]] by [[David Fotland]], [[CCC]], August 19, 1998
==2000 ...== 
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=91692|DB NPS (anyone know the position used)?]] by Chris Carson, [[CCC]], January 25, 2000 » [[Nodes per second]]
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=185561|Wanted: Deep Blue vs. today's top programs recap]] by [[Mig Greengard]], [[CCC]], August 25, 2001
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=259002|"Deep Blue ..." in 1995]] by [[Ingo Althöfer]], [[CCC]], October 14, 2002
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=259497|DeepBlue && SingularExtensions && !Nullmoving]] by [[Vladimir Medvedev]], [[CCC]], October 16, 2002 » [[Singular Extensions]], [[Null Move Pruning]]
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=290239|deep blue's automatic tuning of evaluation function]] by Emerson Tan, [[CCC]], March 22, 2003 » [[Automated Tuning]]
==2005 ...== 
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=422970|Kasparov [HBR interview] : 'IBM committed a crime against science.']] by [[José Antônio Fabiano Mendes]], [[CCC]], April 26, 2005 <ref>[[http://hbr.org/2005/04/strategic-intensity/ar/1|Strategic Intensity - A Conversation with World Chess Champion  Garry Kasparov]] by [[http://www.linkedin.com/pub/diane-coutu/9/111/67a|Diane L. Coutu]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review|Harvard Business Review]], April 2005</ref>
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=424608|(Obvious troll) Kasparov vs DB-I was a disaster for human chess]] by [[Walter Faxon]], [[CCC]], May 06, 2005
* [[http://www.open-aurec.com/wbforum/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=49450|Adjusting weights the Deep Blue way]] by [[Tony van Roon-Werten]], [[Computer Chess Forums|Winboard Forum]], August 29, 2008 » [[Automated Tuning]]
==2010 ...== 
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=45538|Performancerating of Kasparov and Deep Blue in their matches]] by [[Jens Bæk Nielsen]], [[CCC]], October 11, 2012
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=47320|24 February 1993 - a disastrous day for Deep Blue]] by [[Jens Bæk Nielsen]], [[CCC]], February 24, 2013
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=52512|4 hours video: B Larsen met Deep Blue in 1993 in Copenhagen]] by [[Jens Bæk Nielsen]], [[CCC]], June 01, 2014 
==2015 ...==
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59211|New Pictures from Kasparov vs. Deep Blue]] by [[Steve Maughan]], [[CCC]], February 10, 2016 <ref>[[http://mashable.com/2016/02/10/kasparov-deep-blue/#NdUYEzkSGkqJ|20 years ago, a computer first beat a chess world champion - 1996-1997 The Kasparov-Deep Blue chess matches]] by [[http://www.alexqarbuckle.com/bio|Alex Q. Arbuckle]], February 10, 2016</ref>
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64021|Hash Tables Deep Blue]] by Gustavo Mallada, [[CCC]], May 18, 2017 » [[Transposition Table]]

=External Links= 
* [[https://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/|IBM Research | Deep Blue | Overview]]
* [[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/search.php?more=&submitted=1&keywords=Deep+Blue&x=0&y=0&all=all&item_document=item_document&item_moving_image=item_moving_image&item_artifact=item_artifact&item_still_image=item_still_image&item_oral_history=item_oral_history&item_software=item_software|Deep Blue]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_%28chess_computer%29|Deep Blue from Wikipedia]]
* [[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/ezsearch.pl?search=Deep+Blue|Games at chessgames.com]]
* [[http://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=349|Deep Blue Prototype ICGA Tournaments]]
* [[http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/meet/html/d.3.1.html|IBM research: The making of Deep Blue]]
* [[http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/|IBM research: Home on the rematch]]
* [[http://www1.ucsc.edu/oncampus/currents/97-05-05/chess.htm|"Deep Blue" inspires deep thinking about artificial intelligence by computer scientist]] by [[http://scicom.ucsc.edu/faculty/|Robert Irion]], May 5, 1997 <ref>[[Robert Levinson]], [[Jeff Wilkinson]] (**1997**). //[[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Deep-Blue-is-Still-an-Infant-Levinson-Wilkinson/3ce74263ef7b5d04fdf709b2dd3a519d780ae47f|Deep Blue is Still an Infant]]//. [[AAAI]] Technical Report WS-97-04</ref>
* [[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1329/1230|Modern Masters of an Ancient Game]] (pdf) by Carol McKenna Hamilton and Sara Hedberg //AI Magazine Volume// 18 Number 4 (**1997**) (© AAAI)
* [[http://www.byte.com/art/9707/sec6/art6.htm|Searching for Deep Blue, BYTE July 1997]] by Tom R. Halfhill
* [[http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/%7Ecfs/472_html/Intro/ChessContents.html|Chess, Deep Blue, Kasparov and Intelligence]] articles taken from the Archives of the New York Times
* [[http://www.conceptlab.com/uci/2005fall/krapp/turk-kasparov/|Von Kemplen's "The Turk" and IBM's "Deep Blue"]] Conspiracies of a Hidden Human by [[http://www.conceptlab.com/|Garnet Hertz]], November 9, 2005
* [[http://www.chesscenter.com/twic/feng.html|The Week in Chess Magazine: Open Letter from Feng-hsiung Hsu]]
* [[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=551|ChessBase: Behind Deep Blue]] A review by James E. DuBois
* [[http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/05/murraycampbell_qa|A Decade After Kasparov's Defeat, Deep Blue Coder Relives Victory]] //Wired News// Interview with [[Murray Campbell]] 05.11.07
* [[http://en.chessbase.com/post/komodo-8-deep-blue-revisited-part-one|Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (part one)]] by [[Albert Silver]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 26, 2014 » [[Komodo]], [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997]] <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54759|Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (1/2)]] by [[Graham Banks]], [[CCC]], December 27, 2014</ref>
* [[http://en.chessbase.com/post/komodo-8-deep-blue-revisited-part-two|Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (part two)]] by [[Albert Silver]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], December 31, 2014
* [[http://en.chessbase.com/post/komodo-8-deep-blue-revisited-part-three|Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (part three)]] by [[Albert Silver]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], January 09, 2015
* [[http://mashable.com/2016/02/10/kasparov-deep-blue/#NdUYEzkSGkqJ|20 years ago, a computer first beat a chess world champion - 1996-1997 The Kasparov-Deep Blue chess matches]] by [[http://www.alexqarbuckle.com/bio|Alex Q. Arbuckle]], February 10, 2016
* [[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/20-years-after-deep-blue-how-ai-has-advanced-since-conquering-chess/|20 Years after Deep Blue: How AI Has Advanced Since Conquering Chess]] by [[https://www.crunchbase.com/person/larry-greenemeier|Larry Greenemeier]], [[Scientific American]], June 2, 2017  <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=64158|Scientific American article on Computer Chess]] by [[Mark Lefler]], [[CCC]], June 03, 2017</ref> » [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997]], [[Murray Campbell]]

=Videos=
* [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBggvYjWJmk|Chess computer Deep Blue and Bent Larsen in Copenhagen 1993 part 1]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube|YouTube]] Videos <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=52512|4 hours video: B Larsen met Deep Blue in 1993 in Copenhagen]] by [[Jens Bæk Nielsen]], [[CCC]], June 01, 2014</ref>
* [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-ARSPzcXKE|Chess computer Deep Blue and Bent Larsen in Copenhagen 1993 part 2]]
* [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCK71czc3bc|Chess computer Deep Blue and Bent Larsen in Copenhagen 1993 part 3 (final)]]
* [[#MurrayCampbell]]IBM Research scientist [[Murray Campbell|Dr. Murray Campbell]] on Deep Blue, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube|YouTube]] Video
> [[media type="custom" key="24268526"]]
* [[http://worldsciencefestival.com/videos/panel_discussion_from_the_film_screening_icheckmate_i|Checkmate: Members of IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World of Computer Chess]], June 1, 2013 » [[History#ComputerChess|Computer Chess - A Movie]], [[Murray Campbell]]
* [[Videos#DeepPurple|Deep Purple]] - [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_Star_%28song%29|Highway Star]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Head_%28album%29|Machine Head]] (1972), [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube|YouTube]] Video
> [[media type="youtube" key="Wr9ie2J2690"]]

=References= 
<references />
=What links here?= 
[[include page="Deep Blue" component="backlinks" limit="80" ]]
**[[Engines|Up one Level]]**