Deep Thought

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|| [[image:5-0 and 5-2.Deep_Thought_I_Board.102645419.HSU.lg.jpg link="http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431f4cc1815a3"]] ||~   || **Deep Thought**,
was a computer chess machine built at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] in the 1980's, the predecessor to [[Deep Blue]]. The project was initially started 1985 as [[Chiptest]] by the computer science doctoral students [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] and [[Thomas Anantharaman]]. [[Murray Campbell]], former co-developer of [[HiTech]], joined the ChipTest team a few month later - followed by [[Andreas Nowatzyk]], [[Mike Browne]] and [[Peter Jansen]]. The program was named Deep Thought after the fictional computer of the same name <ref>[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy from Wikipeadia]]</ref> . ||
|| Deep Thought I - circuit board <ref>[[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-431f4cc1815a3|Deep Thought I circuit board ca. 1988]] Photo by [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> ||~   ||^   ||
[[toc]]
=Photos= 
|| [[image:5-0 and 5-2.Deep_Thought_Team_1988.102645336.HSU.lg.jpg width="580" height="400" link="http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbd52f71"]] ||
|| [[Murray Campbell]], [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Thomas Anantharaman]], [[Mike Browne]] and [[Andreas Nowatzyk]],
after winning the [[Edward Fredkin#Prize|Fredkin Intermediate Prize]] for Deep Thought's Grandmaster-level performance. <ref>[[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbd52f71|Deep Thought team with Fredkin Intermediate Prize]] 1988, Gift of [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]</ref> ||

=Achievements= 
* In [[Timeline#1988|1988]] Deep Thought and Grandmaster [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Miles|Tony Miles]] shared first place in the Software Toolworks Open in Los Angeles. Deep Thought had a 2745 performance rating, and moved its [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federation|U.S. Chess Federation]] (USCF) rating up to 2551, and qualified for the $10,000 [[Edward Fredkin#Prize|Fredkin Intermediate Prize]] as the first computer to achieve a USCF performance rating of 2500 over a set of 25 contiguous games in human tournaments <ref>[[Hans Berliner]] (**1989**). //Deep Thought Wins Fredkin Intermediate Prize//. AI Magazine Volume 10 Number 2, [[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/753/671|pdf]]</ref>
* In 1988 Deep Thought won the [[ACM 1988|ACM championship in Orlando]]
* In [[Timeline#1989|1989]] Deep Thought won the [[WCCC 1989|6th World Computer Chess Championship in Edmonton]], with a perfect 5-0 score
* In 1989 [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov|Garry Kasparov]] defeated Deep Thought in a [[Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989|match by winning 2 games]]
* In 1989 Deep Thought won the [[ACM 1989|ACM championship in Reno]] (tied with [[HiTech]] <ref>[[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/457406aed770f6be|Aegon Tournament 1990; Hitech best overall]] by [[Hans Berliner]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], May 25, 1990</ref>)
* In 1989 Deep Thought beat International Master [[David Levy]] in a [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989|match with 4 wins]]
* In 1989 [[IBM]] started working on [[Deep Blue]]
* In [[Timeline#1990|1990]] Deep Thought won the [[ACM 1990|ACM championship in  New York City]]
* In [[Timeline#1991|1991]] Deep Thought II won the [[ACM 1991|ACM championship in Albuquerque]]

=Hardware=
|| [[image:DeepThoughtMG.JPG link="Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989#Video"]] ||
|| [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomask|Photomask]] of the [[ChipTest#MoveGeneration|move generation chip]], a [[Combinatorial Logic|combinational logic]] 8x8 [[Array|array]] <ref>from [[Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989#Video|Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989 documentary]], Video 2, 10:49</ref>  ||

=Software=
|| [[image:DeepThoughtHash.JPG link="Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989#Video"]] ||
|| View into Deep Thought's source written in [[C]] with [[C#Goto|gotos]] <ref>from [[Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989#Video|Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989 documentary]], Video 2, 13:35</ref>  ||

=See also=
* [[Chiptest]]
* [[Deep Blue]]
* [[Eval Tuning in Deep Thought]]
* [[Various Classifications#Fiction|Fiction]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989]]
* [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989]]
* [[Various Classifications#Thought|Thought]]

=Publications= 
* [[Thomas Anantharaman]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] (**1988**). //Singular extensions: Adding Selectivity to Brute-Force Searching//. AAAI Spring Symposium, Computer Game Playing, pp. 8-13. Also published in [[ICGA Journal#11_4|ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4]], republished (1990) in [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_%28journal%29|Artificial Intelligence]], Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 99-109. ISSN 0004-3702.
* [[Hans Berliner]] (**1989**). //Deep Thought Wins Fredkin Intermediate Prize//. AI Magazine Volume 10 Number 2, [[http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewFile/753/671|pdf]]
* [[David Levy]] (**1990**). //The End of an Era//. [[ICGA Journal#13_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1]] » [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989]]
* [[Michael Valvo]] (**1990**). //Moral Victory: Karpov versus Deep Thought at Harvard//. [[ICGA Journal#13_1|ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1]] <ref>[[http://www.skepticfiles.org/cowtext/comput~1/karpovpr.htm|Karpov vs. DEEP THOUGHT Cambridge, Massachusetts reported by Darren Bedwell, Compuserve 73]]</ref>
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Thomas Anantharaman]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Andreas Nowatzyk]] (**1990**). //Deep Thought//. [[Computers, Chess, and Cognition]], pp. 55-78
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Thomas Anantharaman]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Andreas Nowatzyk]] (**1990**). //[[http://www.disi.unige.it/person/DelzannoG/AI2/hsu.html|A Grandmaster Chess Machine]]//. [[Scientific American]], Vol. 263, No. 4, pp. 44-50. ISSN 0036-8733.
* [[Frederic Friedel]] (**1991**). //Not the Mother of all Chess Machines//. [[ICGA Journal#14_2|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2]] <ref>[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeBIT|CeBIT]], [[http://www.365chess.com/tournaments/Hannover_1991/18664|Hannover 1991 - 365Chess.com Tournaments]]</ref>
* [[Robert Levinson]] (**1991**). //Man and machine, theory and practice square off in Sydney//. [[ICGA Journal#14_3|ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3]] <ref>[[Conferences#IJCAI1991|12. IJCAI 1991]] and [[Deep Thought]] vs. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Johansen|Darryl Johansen]] 1-1, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney|Sydney]], August 28, 1991</ref> <ref>[[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?pid=13728&pid2=47022|Deep Thought vs. Darryl K. Johansen]] from [[http://www.chessgames.com/index.html|chessgames.co]]</ref>
* [[Paul Hsieh]] (**1996**). //[[Deep Blue]] - Deep Thought 2//. [[Computer Chess Reports]], Vol 5, No 3+4, pp. 45

=Forum Posts= 
==1989==
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/vzpOWhHfk8c/ThAS2pQQ_rMJ|Valvo-DT Match: Move 46]] by [[Michael Valvo|Mike Valvo]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], March 30, 1989
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/2Dm3Ps87ALE/6qvBtkRMEuUJ|Challange Match]] by [[Michael Valvo|Mike Valvo]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], March 31, 1989
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/VMKpRaD9dSc/CLgzuim7pUYJ|Valvo-DT Match: Move 48]] by [[Michael Valvo|Mike Valvo]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], April 01, 1989
* [[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/3d30a29100dc3fd2/afdb2d7f712f1be2|World Computer Chess Championship (the human side)]] by [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], June 04, 1989 » [[WCCC 1989]]
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/6Dm8HdxUFM8/hBlVnQkxqBcJ|DT - Kasparov : 0-2]] by [[Peter Jansen]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], October 23, 1989 » [[Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989]]
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/P-_Glk_Eta0/zQiLzkpRrq0J|Levy - DT match (1)]] by [[Peter Jansen]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], December 22, 1989 » [[Levy versus Deep Thought 1989]]
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/9rI-3sgNfXc/eXmmXvTOjOIJ|Levy - DT match (2)]] by [[Peter Jansen]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], December 22, 1989
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/9wMJRB2iHLw/56JB8LPXFRUJ|Levy - DT match (3)]] by [[Peter Jansen]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], December 23, 1989
* [[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/rec.games.chess/ZOBAvN0-29c/HMQiuEePe7MJ|Levy - DT match (4)]] by [[Peter Jansen]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], December 23, 1989
==1990 ...==
* [[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/763e61b8dd3cb7d9/723ff23220e73f73|Karpov-DT Match, Face to Screen]] by [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], February 04, 1990
* [[http://groups.google.com/group/rec.games.chess/browse_frm/thread/195d7f43cbe85c98|Deep Thought]] by Thorsten Heedt, [[Computer Chess Forums|rec.games.chess]], April 11, 1995
==2000 ...==
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=128297|Deep Thought's tuning code and eval function!]] by [[Severi Salminen]], [[CCC]], September 05, 2000 » [[Eval Tuning in Deep Thought]]
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=386936|Test Position = GM Tony Miles vs Deep Thought, 1989 [14...Bxh2!!]]] by [[José Antônio Fabiano Mendes]], [[CCC]], September 09, 2004

=External Links=
* [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Thought_%28chess_computer%29|Deep Thought from Wikipedia]]
* [[http://www.game-ai-forum.org/icga-tournaments/program.php?id=349|Deep Thought's ICGA Tournaments]]
* [[http://www.chessgames.com/player/deep_thought.html|Deep Thought's games from chessgames.com]]
* [[http://www.tim-mann.org/deepthought.html|Deep Thought from Tim Mann's Chess Pages]]
> [[http://www.tim-mann.org/DT_eval_tune.tar.gz|Source code to tune Deep Thought's evaluation]] in tar.gz format.
> [[http://www.tim-mann.org/DT_eval_tune.txt|Andreas Nowatzyk's explanations of the the source code]]

=References= 
<references />
=What links here?= 
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