Hardware

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**[[Home]] * Hardware**

=Basics= 
* [[Combinatorial Logic]]
* [[Memory]]
* [[Sequential Logic]]
* [[Von Neumann architecture]]

=Special Purpose Hardware= 
==Dedicated Chess Hardware== 
* [[Electro-Mechanical]]
* [[Analog Evaluation]]
* [[Integrated Circuits]]
* [[VLSI Design]]
* [[CHEOPS]]
* [[Berkeley Chess Microprocessor]]
* [[Dedicated Chess Computers]]

==Programmable Logics== 
* [[PAL]] - Programmable array logic
* [[GAL]] - Generic array logic
* [[CPLD]] - Complex programmable Logic Device
* [[FPGA]] - Field-programmable gate array

==Famous Chess Machines== 
* [[El Ajedrecista]]
* [[Belle]]
* [[HiTech]]
* [[ChipTest]]
* [[Deep Thought]]
* [[Deep Blue]]
* [[Hydra]]

=General Purpose Hardware= 
==Historic Computers== 
* [[Ferranti Mark 1]]
* [[MANIAC I (Computer)|MANIAC I]]
* [[IBM 704]]
* [[M-2]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOHNNIAC|JOHNNIAC]]

==Mainframes== 
===Amdahl===
* [[Amdahl 470]]
===CDC===
* [[CDC 6600]]
* [[CDC Cyber]]
===Cray===
* [[Cray-1]]
* [[Cray X-MP]]
* [[Cray T3D]]
* [[Cray T3E]]
===Honeywell===
* [[Honeywell 6000]] (GE-600)
===IBM===
* [[IBM 7090]]
* [[IBM 360]]
* [[IBM 370]]
===ICL ...===
* [[ICL 4-70|ICL 4/70]]
* [[Lomonosov Supercomputer]]
* [[M-20]]
===PDP===
* [[PDP-6]] 
* [[PDP-10]]
===Siemens/Fujitsu===
* [[Siemens-System 7.800]]
===TR===
* [[TR-4]]
* [[TR 440]]
===UNIVAC===
* [[UNIVAC 418]]
* [[UNIVAC 494]]
* [[UNIVAC 1100]]
===Massively Parallel===
* [[Connection Machine]]
* [[nCUBE]]
* [[Paragon]]
==Minis & Workstations== 
* [[HP 2100]]
* [[HP 3000]]
* [[HP 9000]]
* [[Interdata M85]]
* [[Nova]]
* [[PDP-1]]
* [[PDP-8]]
* [[PDP-11]] 
* [[SMS 201]]
* [[SPARCstation]]
* [[Sun|Sun-1 - Sun-4]]
* [[VAX]]
[[#Single]]
==Single Board Computers== 
* [[Arduino]]
* [[KIM-1]]
* [[pcDuino]]
* [[Raspberry Pi]]
* [[UDOO]]
[[#Home]]
==Home Computers== 
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer|Home-]] and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer|Personal Computers]]
* [[Acorn Computers Ltd]]
> [[Acorn Atom]]
> [[BBC Micro]]
> [[Acorn Archimedes]]
* [[Amstrad CPC]]
* [[Apple|Apple computers]]
> [[Apple II]]
> [[Macintosh]]
* [[Atari 8-bit]]
> [[Atari ST]]
* [[Commodore PET]]
> [[Commodore VIC-20]]
> [[Commodore 64]]
> [[Commodore 128]]
> [[Amiga]]
* [[Gigatron]]
* [[IBM PC]]
* [[Sinclair ZX81]]
> [[ZX Spectrum]]
* [[TRS-80]]

==Mobile Computers== 
from [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page|Wikipedia]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_electronic_game|Handheld electronic game]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_game_console|Handheld game console]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device|Mobile device]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant|Personal digital assistant]]
> [[Palm]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone|Mobile phone]]
[[#CPU]]
=µ-Processors & Controller= 
* [[PIC Microcontroller]]
==8-bit== 
* [[Fairchild F8]]
* [[H8]]
* [[8080]] by [[Intel]]
* [[6800]] by [[Motorola]]
* [[6502]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology|MOS Technology]]
* [[Z80]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog|Zilog]]
==16-bit== 
* [[8086]] by [[Intel]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286|80286]] by [[Intel]]
* [[Z8000]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog|Zilog]]
* [[TMS-99000]] by [[Texas Instruments]]
* [[6809]] by [[Motorola]]
==32-bit== 
* [[x86]] by [[Intel]] and [[AMD]]
* [[68000]] by [[Motorola]] (external 16 bit databus)
* [[68020]] by [[Motorola]]
* [[68030]] by [[Motorola]]
* [[ARM2]] by [[Acorn Computers Ltd]]
* [[ARM6]] by [[ARM Ltd|Advanced RISC Machines Ltd]]
* [[ARM11]] by [[ARM Ltd|Advanced RISC Machines Ltd]]
* [[PowerPC]] by [[Apple]], [[IBM]] and [[Motorola]]
* [[SPARC|SPARC V7/V8]] by [[Sun Microsystems]]
==Transputer== 
* [[Transputer|T800]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmos|Inmos]]
==64-bit== 
* [[DEC Alpha]] by [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]
* [[i860]] by [[Intel]]
* [[Itanium]] by [[Intel]]
* [[x86-64]] or x64 by [[AMD]] and [[Intel]]
* [[PowerPC|PowerPC 620]] by [[Apple]], [[IBM]] and [[Motorola]]
* [[PowerPC#G5|PowerPC G5]] by [[IBM]]
* [[SPARC#V9|SPARC V9]] by [[Sun Microsystems]]

=Misc= 
* [[GPU]]
* [[Sensory Board]]

=Publications= 
==1960 ...== 
* [[http://www.martinhweik.com/|Martin H. Weik]] (**1961**). //[[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61.html#TOC|A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems]]//. Report No. 1115
==1970 ...== 
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bell|Gordon Bell]], [[Allen Newell]] (**1971**). //[[http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/gbell/computer_structures__readings_and_examples/|Computer Structures: Readings and Examples]]//. McGraw-Hill, ISBN-13: 978-0070043572, [[http://www.amazon.com/Computer-Structures-Readings-Examples-McGraw-Hill/dp/0070043574|amazon]]
* [[Ozalp Babaoglu]] (**1977**). //Hardware implementation of the legal move generation and relative ordering functions for the game of chess//. Master's thesis, [[University of California, Berkeley]]
* [[John Moussouris]], [[Jack Holloway]], [[Richard Greenblatt]] (**1979**). //[[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=61701.67028|CHEOPS: A Chess-orientated Processing System]]//. [[http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/%7Eshm/MI/mi9.html|Machine Intelligence 9]] ([[Jean Hayes Michie]], [[Donald Michie]] and L.I. Mikulich editors) Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1979, pp. 351-360. Reprinted (**1988**) in [[Computer Chess Compendium]] » [[CHEOPS]]
==1980 ...== 
* [[Joe Condon]], [[Ken Thompson]] (**1982**). //Belle Chess Hardware//. [[Advances in Computer Chess 3]], Reprinted (**1988**) in [[Computer Chess Compendium]] » [[Belle]]
* [[Carl Ebeling]], [[Andrew James Palay]] (**1984**). //The Design and Implementation of a VLSI Chess Move Generator//. Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. [[IEEE]] and [[ACM]].
* [[Carl Ebeling]] (**1986**). //[[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7692|All the Right Moves: A VLSI Architecture for Chess]]//. Ph.D. thesis, [[Carnegie Mellon University]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press|MIT Press]], ISBN 0-262-05035-8, [[http://www.amazon.com/All-Right-Moves-Architecture-Distinguished/dp/0262050358|amazon.com]] <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=41743|Any opinion about this book?: "All the Right Moves"]] by E Diaz, [[CCC]], January 02, 2012</ref> » [[HiTech]]
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] (**1986**). //[[http://repository.cmu.edu/compsci/1566/|Two designs of functional units for VLSI based chess machines]]//. [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Computer Science Department. Paper 1566. » [[ChipTest]]
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] (**1987**). //A Two-Million Moves/Sec CMOS Single-Chip Chess Move Generator//. IEEE J. of Solid-state Circuits, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 841-846.
==1990 ...== 
* [[James Testa]], [[Alvin M. Despain]] (**1990**). //[[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=124744&contentType=Conference+Publications&searchWithin%3Dp_Authors%3A.QT.Testa%2C+J..QT.|A CMOS VLSI chess microprocessor]]//. [[University of California, Berkeley]], [[IEEE]] Custom Integrated Circuit Conference
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]], [[Murray Campbell]], [[Joe Hoane]] (**1995**). //Deep Blue System Overview//. International Conference on Supercomputing, 1995: 240-244 » [[Deep Blue]]
* [[Yi-Fan Ke]] (**1996**). //A parallel hardware architecture for accelerating computer chess system-平行電腦象棋系統架構之設計及研究//. Ph.D. thesis, [[National Taiwan University]]
* [[Yi-Fan Ke]], [[Tai-Ming Parng]] (**1996**). //A Parallel Hardware Architecture for Accelerating α-β Game Tree//. [[http://search.ieice.org/bin/index.php?category=D&lang=E&curr=1|IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems]], September, 1996, pp. 1232-1240
* [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] (**1999**). //IBM’s Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips//. IEEE Micro, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Mar-Apr), pp. 70-81. ISSN 0272-1732. [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.126.5392&rep=rep1&type=pdf|pdf]]
==2000 ...== 
* [[Marc Boulé]] (**2002**). //An FPGA Move Generator for the Game of Chess//. Masters thesis, [[McGill University]], (Supervisor: [[Zeljko Zilic]], Co-Supervisor: [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]]), [[http://www.iml.ece.mcgill.ca/%7Emboule/files/mbthesis02.pdf|pdf]]
* [[Marc Boulé]], [[Zeljko Zilic]] (**2002**). //An FPGA Move Generator for the Game of Chess//. [[ICGA Journal]], Vol. 25, No. 2, [[http://iml.ece.mcgill.ca/~mboule/files/icga02.pdf|pdf]]
* [[Chrilly Donninger]], [[Ulf Lorenz]] (**2004**). //[[http://www.springerlink.com/content/hp9la9pwq0a1cmrp/|The Chess Monster Hydra]]// in [[http://www.springerlink.com/content/8grv6pu2e8hd/?p=3037c8af6a0147319f6f5a8e133083dd&pi=0|Field Programmable Logic and Application]], 14th International Conference, FPL 2004, Leuven, Belgium, August 30-September 1, 2004. Proceedings, pp 927-932. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-540-22989-6, [[http://www2.cs.uni-paderborn.de/cs/ag-monien/PERSONAL/FLULO/publications/fpl04.pdf|pdf]]
* [[http://spqr.cs.umass.edu/events/2011-king-sam/|Samuel T. King]], [[http://opera.ucsd.edu/~tucek/|Joseph Tucek]], [[Anthony Cozzie]], [[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/g/Grier:Chris.html|Chris Grier]], [[http://cn.linkedin.com/in/weihangjiang|Weihang Jiang]], [[http://www.jacobsschool.ucsd.edu/faculty/faculty_bios/index.sfe?fmp_recid=317|Yuanyuan Zhou]] (**2008**). //Designing and Implementing Malicious Hardware//. [[http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/nsdi/leet2008.html#KingTCGJZ08|LEET 2008]], [[http://www.cs.uiuc.edu/homes/kingst/Research_files/king08.pdf|pdf]]

=Forum Posts= 
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=286891|Computer chess and processor speed in 20 years from now...]] by Chris, [[CCC]], February 26, 2003
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36031|hardware advances - a different perspective]] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 09, 2010
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36040|old crafty vs new crafty on new hardware]] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 11, 2010 » [[Knowledge]], [[Crafty]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36059|Final results - Crafty - hardware vs software]] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 13, 2010 » [[Software]], [[Crafty]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=36088|hardware doubling number for Crafty]] by [[Robert Hyatt]], [[CCC]], September 15, 2010 » [[Crafty]]
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=50937|Good question: What % improvement is hardware vs. software?]] by Jonathan Lee, [[CCC]], January 17, 2014
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59530|Moore's Law]] by [[Mark Lefler]], [[CCC]], March 16, 2016 <ref>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law|Moore's law from Wikipedia]]</ref> <ref>[[http://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2016-03-12/after-moores-law|After Moore's law | Technology Quarterly]] | [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist|The Economist]], March 12, 2016</ref>
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65905|The Gigatron project]] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2017 » [[Gigatron]] 

=External Links= 
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_%28disambiguation%29|Hardware (disambiguation) from Wikipedia]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer_hardware|Personal computer hardware from Wikipedia]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware|History of computing hardware from Wikipedia]]
* [[http://users.rcn.com/crfriend/museum/index.shtml|Minicomputer "Museum"]] by [[http://users.rcn.com/crfriend/|Carl Friend]]
* [[http://www.ricomputermuseum.org/Home|The Rhode Island Computer Museum]]
* [[http://www.pcmuseum.ca/computerDetails.asp|The Personal Computer Museum, Brantford, Ontario, Canada - Computers]]
* [[http://www.computer50.org/|Computer 50 - The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer]]
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law|Moore's law from Wikipedia]]
* [[http://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2016-03-12/after-moores-law|After Moore's law | Technology Quarterly]] | [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist|The Economist]], March 12, 2016 <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=59530|Moore's Law]] by [[Mark Lefler]], [[CCC]], March 16, 2016</ref>
* [[https://hackaday.io/project/20781-8-bit-color-computer-from-ttl|8-bit color computer from TTL]] by [[Marcel van Kervinck]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackaday|Hackaday.io]], 2017 » [[Gigatron]] <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=65905|The Gigatron project]] by [[Harm Geert Muller]], [[CCC]], December 06, 2017</ref>

=References= 
<references />
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