History

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**[[Home]] * History**

=History of Computer Chess= 
About ancient programs, computer chess pioneers and chess programming history.
== == 
==Early Theorists== 
|| [[image:Zermelo.jpeg width="100" height="120" link="Ernst Zermelo"]] || [[Ernst Zermelo]]
1871 - 1953 ||~   ||~   || [[image:norbert_wiener_3.jpg width="100" height="100" link="Norbert Wiener"]] || [[Norbert Wiener]]
1894 - 1964 ||
|| [[image:JvNeumann.jpg width="100" height="113" link="John von Neumann"]] || [[John von Neumann]]
1903 - 1957 ||~   ||~   || [[image:Zuse.JPG width="100" height="118" link="Konrad Zuse"]] || [[Konrad Zuse]]
1910 - 1995 ||
|| [[image:Alan_Turing_photo.jpg width="100" link="Alan Turing"]] || [[Alan Turing]]
1912 - 1954 ||~   ||~   || [[image:Claude_Elwood_Shannon.jpg width="100" height="139" link="Claude Shannon"]] || [[Claude Shannon]]
1916 - 2001 ||

==Famous Historic Computers and Programs== 
||~   ||~ Computer - Program ||~ Author(s) ||~ year ||~ Features ||
||~   || [[El Ajedrecista]] || [[Leonardo Torres y Quevedo]] ||> [[Timeline#1912|1912]] ||< Electro-mechanical [[KRK]] Solver ||
||~   || [[Turochamp]] || [[Alan Turing]], [[David Champernowne]] || [[Timeline#1948|1948]] || "paper machine" ||
||~   || [[Machiavelli]] || [[Donald Michie]], [[Shaun Wylie]] || [[Timeline#1948|1948]] || "paper machine" ||
||~   || [[Tihamér Nemes#Machine|Nemes' Chess Machine]] || [[Tihamér Nemes]] ||> [[Timeline#1949|1949]] ||< Design of electro-mechanical Mate-in-two Solver ||
||~   || [[Claude Shannon|Shannon's Chess Machine]] || [[Claude Shannon]] ||> [[Timeline#1950|1950]] ||< Relay-based chess machine ||
||~   || [[Mate-in-two]] || [[Dietrich Prinz]] ||> [[Timeline#1951|1951]] ||< Mate-in-two Solver ||
||~   || [[MANIAC I]] || [[Stanislaw Ulam]] et al. ||> [[Timeline#1956|1956]] ||< [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_chess|Los Alamos chess]] 6*6 board ||
||~   || [[The Bernstein Chess Program]] || [[Alex Bernstein]] et al. ||> [[Timeline#1958|1958]] ||< [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]] ||
||~   || [[NSS|NSS Chess Program]] || [[Allen Newell]], [[Cliff Shaw]], [[Herbert Simon]] ||> [[Timeline#1958|1958]] ||< [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]], [[Alpha-Beta]] approx. ||
||~   || [[Kotok-McCarthy-Program]] || [[Alan Kotok]], [[John McCarthy]] et al. ||> [[Timeline#1962|1962]] ||< [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]], [[Alpha-Beta]] ||
||~   || [[ITEP Chess Program]] || [[Georgy Adelson-Velsky]] et al. || [[Timeline#1963|1963]] ||< [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Alpha-Beta]] ||
||~   || [[Mac Hack|The Greenblatt Chess Program]] || [[Richard Greenblatt]] et al. ||> [[Timeline#1967|1967]] ||< [[Type B Strategy|Shannon Type B]],
[[Transposition Table]], [[Opening Book]] ||
||~   || [[Tech|The Technology Chess Program]] || [[James Gillogly]] et al. ||> [[Timeline#1970|1970]] ||< [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Pondering]] ||
||~   || [[Kaissa]] || [[Mikhail Donskoy]] et al. ||> [[Timeline#1970|1970]] ||< [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Bitboards]], [[Null Move Pruning]] ||
||~   || [[Chess (Program)|Chess 4.0]] || [[David Slate]], [[Larry Atkin]] ||> [[Timeline#1973|1973]] ||< [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Bitboards]] ||
||~   || [[Belle]] || [[Ken Thompson]] and [[Joe Condon]] ||> [[Timeline#1978|1978]] ||< [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Hardware|Chess Hardware]] ||
||~   || [[Cray Blitz]] || [[Robert Hyatt]], [[Albert Gower]], [[Harry Nelson]] ||> [[Timeline#1983|1983]] ||< [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Dynamic Tree Splitting]] ||
||~   || [[HiTech]] || [[Hans Berliner]] et al. ||> [[Timeline#1985|1985]] ||< [[Alpha-Beta]] or [[B*]], [[Hardware|Chess Hardware]] ||
||~   || [[Deep Thought]] || [[Feng-hsiung Hsu]] et al. ||> [[Timeline#1986|1986]] ||< [[Type A Strategy|Shannon Type A]], [[Hardware|Chess Hardware]] ||

==Famous Matches== 
* [[Stanford-ITEP Match]]
* [[Levy versus Chess 1978]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1996]]
* [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997]]
> [[Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997#TheMachine|The Machine]]

==Tournaments== 
* [[ACM North American Computer Chess Championship]] since 1970
* [[World Computer Chess Championship]] since 1974

==People== 
Pages with the tag "[[http://chessprogramming.wikispaces.com/tag/view/pioneers|pioneers]]"
> [[include component="pageList" hideInternal="true" tag="pioneers" limit="100"]]

=Programming History= 
* [[Minimax#History|History of Minimax]]
* [[Alpha-Beta#HistoryAlphaBeta|History of Alpha-Beta]]
* [[Principal Variation Search#History|History of Principal Variation Search]]
* [[Retrograde Analysis#History|History of Retrograde Analysis]]
* [[Bitboards#BitboardHistory|Bitboard History]]
* [[Null Move Pruning#History|History of Null Move Pruning]]

=Museums= 
related to Computer Chess History:
* [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum]]
* [[Russian Virtual Computer Museum]]

=See also=
* [[Mathematician]]

=Publications= 
* [[Alexander Reinefeld]] (**2005**). //Die Entwicklung der Spielprogrammierung: Von John von Neumann bis zu den hochparallelen Schachmaschinen//. [[http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/studium/ringvorlesung/ss05/slides/05-06-02.pdf|slides as pdf]], Themen der Informatik im historischen Kontext Ringvorlesung an der [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin|HU Berlin]], 02.06.2005 (English paper, German title)
* [[Jill Cirasella]], [[Danny Kopec]] (**2006**). //The History of Computer Games//. [[https://jillcirasella.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2014/05/computer_games_handout.pdf|pdf]]
* [[http://www.computerhistory.org/staff/Dag,Spicer/|Dag Spicer]], [[http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/author/ktashev/|Kirsten Tashev]] (**2006**). //The Quest to build a Thinking Machine - A History of Computer Chess//.  [[http://www.computerhistory.org/core/backissues/|Core 5.1]] a publication of [[The Computer History Museum]], [[http://www.computerhistory.org/core/media/pdf/core-2006.pdf|pdf]]

=Forum Posts= 
* [[http://www.stmintz.com/ccc/index.php?id=105970|What Chess programs existed in the '60s?]] by Pete Galati, [[CCC]], April 13, 2000
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=46760|Computer Chess History, a lot of links inside]] by [[Vincent Lejeune]], January 04, 2013
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48797|Checkmate: IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World Comp Chess]] by [[Vincent Lejeune]], July 30, 2013
* [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938|Old programs CHAOS and USC]] by Eugene Piercy, [[CCC]], July 11, 2015
> [[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938&start=2|Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC]] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2015

=External Links= 
==History of AI== 
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence|History of artificial intelligence from Wikipedia]] » [[Artificial Intelligence]]
* [[http://www.stottlerhenke.com/ai_general/history.htm|History of Artificial Intelligence]] from [[http://www.stottlerhenke.com/index.htm|Stottler Henke, Inc.]]
* [[http://philipps-welt.info/AI_history.htm|Short History of Computing, AI and Robotics]] by Philipp Schaumann
* [[http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/MMhistory.html|The “Modern” History of Artificial Intelligence and Programs]] from [[http://www.macalester.edu/academics/psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/index.html|Neuroscience Of Intelligence]]
* [[http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/%7Eamk/foo/AIGames/notes/history.html|Early History Artificial Intelligence and Games]]
==History of Computer Chess== 
* [[http://web.archive.org/web/20071221115817/http://classicchess.googlepages.com/Chess.htm|Classic Computer Chess - ... The programs of yesteryear]] by [[Carey Bloodworth|Carey]], hosted by the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive|Internet Archive]] <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=56938&start=2|Re: Old programs CHAOS and USC]] by [[Dann Corbit]], [[CCC]], July 11, 2015</ref>
* [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess#Chronology|Computer chess chronology (1729-2011) in Wikipedia]]
* [[http://www.computerhistory.org/core/backissues/pdf/core_5_1.pdf|Core 5.1 Computer Chess]] (pdf) from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[http://www.drdobbs.com/high-performance-computing/184405171|Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI]] by [[L. Stephen Coles]], October 30, 2002, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal|Dr. Dobbs]]
* [[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/html/chess_computers_-_the_uk_story.html|Chess Computers - The UK Story]] from [[http://www.chesscomputeruk.com/index.html|Chess Computer UK]] by [[Mike Watters]]
* [[http://www.csvn.nl/index.php/historie-mainmenu-38|Computer Chess History Pages]], [[CSVN]]
* [[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/essays/cchess.pdf|Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess]] (pdf) by [[http://www.cs.toronto.edu/%7Ebrudno/|Michael Brudno]] (May 2000)
* [[http://www.blitzchess.fr/fr/histo/lespremiersautomates/index.html|Les premiers automates]], [[http://www.blitzchess.fr/|blitzchess.fr]] (French)
* [[http://members.home.nl/matador/chess820.htm|Historic Pictures]] from the Rebel site of [[Ed Schroder|Ed Schröder]]
* [[http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/index.php|History of Computer Chess]] from [[The Computer History Museum]]
* [[#AIPerspective]][[http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102651382|The History of Computer Chess - an AI Perspective]], September 08, 2005, [[The Computer History Museum]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube|YouTube]] Video no longer available <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=209262|An Oldie but a Goodie]] by [[Stuart Cracraft]], [[CCC]], August 16, 2008</ref>
> [[Murray Campbell]], [[Edward Feigenbaum]], [[David Levy]], [[John McCarthy]], [[Monroe Newborn|Monty Newborn]] 
* [[https://thebestschools.org/magazine/brief-history-of-computer-chess/|A Brief History of Computer Chess | The Best Schools]] by [[https://evolutionnews.org/author/elarson/|Erik J. Larson]]
* [[https://de.chessbase.com/post/20-halbzuege-nach-30-millionen-jahren|"20 Halbzüge nach 30 Millionen Jahren"]] by [[Stephan Oliver Platz]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase Nachrichten]], November 20, 2017 (German) incorporated in
> [[https://en.chessbase.com/post/tcec-superfinal-houdini-vs-komodo|TCEC: Superfinal Houdini vs Komodo]] by [[Stephan Oliver Platz]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], November 23, 2017 » [[TCEC Season 10]]
[[#ComputerChess]]
==Computer Chess - A Movie== 
* [[http://www.usaprojects.org/project/computer_chess|Computer Chess" by Andrew Bujalski - Media, Visual Arts - USA Projects - Artist Fundraising & Advocacy]] » [[ACM North American Computer Chess Championship]]
* [[http://www.computerchessmovie.com/index.html|Compter Chess - A Movie]] by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bujalski|Andrew Bujalski]], [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival|Sundance Film Festival]], 2013 <ref>[[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=8792|Computer Chess – the movie]], [[ChessBase|ChessBase News]], January 21, 2013</ref>
* [[http://www.cine-vue.com/2013/02/berlin-film-festival-2013-computer.html|Berlin Film Festival 2013: 'Computer Chess' review]] <ref>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival|Berlin International Film Festival - Wikipedia]]</ref> <ref>[[http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=47230|they made a movie about us...]] by [[Thorsten Czub]], [[CCC]], February 15, 2013</ref> <ref>[[http://www.critic.de/film/computer-chess-5172/|Computer Chess | Film | Kritik | critic.de]] (German)</ref>
* [[http://filmguide.sundance.org/film/13102/computer_chess|Computer Chess - Festival Program | Sundance Institute]]
* [[https://www.facebook.com/ComputerChess|Computer Chess | Facebook]]
* Computer Chess Official Trailer 1 (2013) - Comedy Movie HD, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube|YouTube]] Video
> [[media type="custom" key="24268518"]]
* [[http://worldsciencefestival.com/videos/panel_discussion_from_the_film_screening_icheckmate_i|Checkmate: Members of IBM’s Deep Blue Team Discuss the World of Computer Chess]], June 1, 2013 » [[Murray Campbell]], [[Deep Blue]]

=References= 
<references />
=What links here?= 
[[include page="History" component="backlinks" limit="100"]]
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