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Adriaan de Groot

GerdIsenberg — Mon, 06 Oct 2014 15:28:21 GMT

Home * People * Adriaan de Groot

		Adrianus Dingeman (Adriaan) de Groot, (October 26, 1914 - August 14, 2006), was a Dutch psychologist and chess master, who conducted a number of ground-breaking experiments in the cognitive processes that occur in the brains of strong chess players. The studies involve participants of all chess backgrounds, from amateurs to masters. They investigate the cognitive requirements and the thought processes involved in moving a chess piece. The participants were usually required to solve a given chess problem correctly under the supervision of an experimenter and represent their thought-processes vocally so that they could be recorded.
Adriaan de Groot ^[1]

Selected Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

Quotes

Chase & Simon

William Chase and Herbert Simon in Perception in chess, 1973 ^[2]

The most extensive work to date on perception in chess is that done by De Groot. In his search for differences between masters and weaker players, de Groot was unable to find any gross differences in the statistics of their thought processes: the number of moves considered, search heuristics, depth of search, and so on. Masters search through about the same number of possibilities as weaker players-perhaps even fewer, almost certainly not more-but they are very good at coming up with the “right” moves for further consideration, whereas weaker players spend considerable time analyzing the consequences of bad moves. De Groot did, however, find an intriguing difference between masters and weaker players in his short-term memory experiments. Masters showed a remarkable ability to reconstruct a chess position almost perfectly after viewing it for only 5 sec. There was a sharp drop off in this ability for players below the master level. This result could not be attributed to the masters’ generally superior memory ability, for when chess positions were constructed by placing the same numbers of pieces randomly on the board, the masters could then do no better in reconstructing them than weaker players, Hence, the masters appear to be constrained by the same severe short-term memory limits as everyone else, and their superior performance with “meaningful’ positions must lie in their ability to perceive structure in such positions and encode them in chunks.

Fernand Gobet

Fernand Gobet in Adriaan de Groot: Marriage of two Passions, 2006 ^[3], two excerpts :

Through the intervention of his friend Max Euwe, de Groot managed to convince, among others, most of the AVRO players to participate in his experiments. Chess giants such as Alekhine, Euwe, Fine, Flohr, and Keres agreed to act as subjects. Some of the experiments – for example, the one with Tartakover – were run on the steamer carrying the players to the 1939 Olympiads in Argentina. The protocols are reproduced in the English edition of de Groot’s thesis and, apart from their scientific value, are great fun for chess aficionados to read.

...

De Groot proposed also that a player’s thinking process may be divided into four main phases: orientation, exploration, investigation, and proof. In the orientation phase, players collect relevant information and try to form a first (tentative) judgment of the position. During the exploration phase, sample variations are analysed, and, typically, the number of critical moves or plans is reduced to two. The two candidate moves are analysed in great detail during the investigation phase, which is characterised by a more in-depth search than during the exploration phase. Players strive to validate their favourite move (or plan). Note that most of the argumentation used by chess players consists of convincing themselves that one of the two variations is better than the other. Finally, the proof phase is used to recapitulate the information obtained in the analysis and to check the correctness of the argumentation.

Four Stages

De Groot defined four stages of the thought process:

The orientation phase – grasp the position and formulate general ideas of what to do.
The exploration phase – analysis of concrete variations.
The investigation phase – choice of a probable best move.
The proof phase – confirming the validity of the choice reached in phase three.

His Ph.D. Thesis Het denken van den Schaker ^[4] was already cited in Claude Shannon's paper ^[5] . In "Thought and Choice in Chess", 1965, De Groot introduced iterative or progressive deepening. His book became the bible for chess programmers in the late sixties during the zenith of the Type B programs.

Euratom

An AI-effort in machine translation and on developing a computer chess program in the "human style" was conducted under the auspices of Euratom agency in the 60s in the spirit of its President Étienne Hirsch and a team around Max Euwe, Adriaan de Groot, François Lionnais, Claude Berge and Marcel Barzin ^[6] :

Finally an important international team had been gathered around Max Euwe (former world champion) to work on the problem of the simulation of the play of the failures. One found there the encyclopedist François Lionnais, the mathematician Claude Berge, the logician Barzin, the psychologist De Groot. This team made considerably progress on the problems of the mediums of part, but did not have the possibility of carrying out a program of a complete set.

Selected Publications

Adriaan de Groot (1946). Het denken van den Schaker, een experimenteel-psychologische studie. Ph.D. thesis, University of Amsterdam, advisor Géza Révész; N.V. Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij, Amsterdam. Translated with the help of George Baylor, with additions, (in 1965) as Thought and Choice in Chess. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. ISBN 90-279-7914-6.
Adriaan de Groot (1965, 1978). Thought and Choice in Chess. Mouton & Co Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-279-7914-6, amazon, google

Adriaan de Groot (1966). Perception and Memory versus Thought: Some Old Ideas and Recent Findings. Problem Solving: Research, Method, and Theory. (ed. B. Kleinmuntz), pp. 19-50. John Wiley, New York.
Adriaan de Groot, Walter R. Reitman (eds.) (1966). Heuristic Processes in Thinking. International Congress of Psychology, Nauka, Moscow
Adriaan de Groot (1986). Intuition in Chess. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2
Adriaan de Groot (1987). Some Benefits of Advances in Computer Chess. ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2
Adriaan de Groot (1988). A Rejoinder to I.J. Good's Comments. ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, Nos. 2/3 ^[7]
Adriaan de Groot (1989). Some Special Benefits of Advances in Computer Chess. Advances in Computer Chess 5
Adriaan de Groot (1992). Allen Newell: An Adieu. ICCA Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3
Adriaan de Groot, Fernand Gobet (1996). Perception and Memory in Chess: Heuristics of the professional eye. Van Gorcum and Comp. B.V., Assen, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-232-2949-5. Chapter 9; A discussion: Two authors, two different views? available as word reprint.
Fernand Gobet (2006). Adriaan de Groot: Marriage of two Passions. ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4, pdf
Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (2011). Expert and “novice” problem solving strategies in chess: Sixty years of citing de Groot (1946). Thinking and Reasoning, Vol. 14, No. 4
Michael H. Connors, Bruce D. Burns, Guillermo Campitelli (2011). Expertise in complex decision making: the role of search in chess 70 years after de Groot. Cognitive Science, Vol. 35, No. 8

External Links

Adriaan de Groot from Wikipedia
The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Adriaan de Groot
Adriaan de Groot facts - Freebase
Adriaan de Groot games at chessgames.com
Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI by L. Stephen Coles, Dr. Dobb's Portal 2002
A brief survey of psychological studies of chess Copyright © 2001 Mark Jeays
Grondlegger Cito overleden (Dutch) from Reformatorisch Dagblad, August 15, 2006
Adriaan de Groot, chess psychologist (1914–2006) by Frederic Friedel, ChessBase, August 16, 2006
`Voor zo'n erkenning moet je vrij oud worden' - UT Nieuws - weekblad (Dutch) from University of Twente, August 24, 2006
Dorpsbode Schiermonnikoog - Prof. dr. A.D. de Groot overleden (Dutch), September 01, 2006
Het denken van de schaker from The Max Pam Globe, September 2006

References

^ WCCC 1986 Video
^ William Chase, Herbert Simon (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pdf
^ Fernand Gobet (2006). Adriaan de Groot: Marriage of two Passions. ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 4, pdf
^ Adriaan de Groot (1946). Het denken van den Schaker, een experimenteel-psychologische studie. Ph.D. thesis, University of Amsterdam, advisor Géza Révész; N.V. Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij, Amsterdam. Translated with the help of George Baylor, with additions (in 1965) as Thought and Choice in Chess. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. ISBN 90-279-7914-6. (amazon)
^ Claude Shannon (1949). Programming a Computer for Playing Chess (raw text)
^ Le langage / Intelligence et artifices, by Paul Braffort 2002 (French) translated by babelfish
^ Jack Good (1988). Some Comments Concerning an Article by De Groot. ICCA Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2/3

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Adriaan de Groot	Oct 6, 2014
Advances in Computer Chess 5	Dec 2, 2017
Allen Newell	Jun 12, 2017
Automated Tuning	Feb 27, 2018
Barend Swets	Jan 7, 2016
Bill Jordan	Feb 23, 2017
Bs6676	Jul 21, 2016
Butterfly Heuristic	May 6, 2016
Checkmate	Apr 13, 2018
Chess Psychology Booklist	Apr 11, 2013
CHREST	May 6, 2016
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Claude Shannon	Apr 30, 2016
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Computer Chess Compendium	Dec 29, 2015
Dap Hartmann	Jun 10, 2017
Eliot Slater	Aug 6, 2016
Evaluation	Feb 1, 2018
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
Frederic Friedel	Jan 6, 2018
George Baylor	Sep 22, 2014
Hartmut Tanke	Sep 7, 2014
Herbert Simon	Feb 11, 2016
ICGA Journal	Dec 21, 2017
Iterative Deepening	Jun 23, 2017
Jaap van den Herik	Sep 18, 2017
Jack Good	Dec 22, 2017
Jan Eric Larsson	Dec 11, 2013
Jan van Reek	Aug 18, 2016
Learning	Feb 20, 2018
Mate Search	Oct 22, 2016
Mater	Apr 26, 2016
Mathematician	Apr 9, 2018
Max Euwe	Oct 10, 2015
Memory	Dec 8, 2017
Mobility	Jan 17, 2018
People	Feb 28, 2018
Peter van Diepen	Nov 5, 2015
Peter W. Frey	Dec 25, 2017
Planning	Feb 12, 2018
Santos Gerardo Lazzeri	Mar 19, 2016
Search	Feb 1, 2018
Simona Tancig	Nov 7, 2012
Walter R. Reitman	Sep 24, 2014
WCCC 1986	Jul 27, 2017
William Chase	Jan 21, 2016
Workshop Chess and Mathematics	Mar 5, 2015
CreativityTheories : A Modern Trend in Creative Gaming	Nov 30, 2011

Up one level

Alex de Voogt

GerdIsenberg — Sat, 09 Aug 2014 08:37:02 GMT

Home * People * Alex de Voogt

		Alexander Johan (Alex) de Voogt, a Dutch psychologist, curator in African Ethnology at American Museum of Natural History ^[1], until 2009 assistant professor at Leiden and Maastricht University. De Voogt researched and published on diverse topics as seventh century Islam, Nubian architecture, and the history of writing systems ^[2], and is renowned Mancala game researcher holding a Ph.D. on Bao mastership from Leiden University ^[3]. He is member of the International Society for Board Game Studies ^[4] and is editor of its journal ^[5].
Alex de Voogt ^[6]

Selected Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

Selected Publications

^[7]

Alex de Voogt (1995). Limits of the Mind: Towards a Characterisation of Bao Mastership. Ph.D. Thesis, CNWS Publications
Jeroen Donkers, Alex de Voogt, Jos Uiterwijk (2000). Human versus Machine Problem Solving: Winning Openings in Dakon. Accepted for publication in Board Games studies.
Johan Weststeijn and Alex de Voogt (2002). Sa‘id bin Gubayr: piety, chess and rebellion. Arabica, Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 49(3):383–386 ^[8]
Alex de Voogt (2002). Reproducing board game positions: Western Chess and African Bao. Swiss Journal of Psychology, Vol 61, No. 4
Jeroen Donkers, Jos Uiterwijk, Alex de Voogt (2002). Mancala Games - Topics in Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics. In Jean Retschitzki, Rosita Haddad-Zubel (eds.) (2002). Step by step. Proceedings of the 4th colloquium Board games in academia. Edition Universitaires Fribourg Suisse
Alex de Voogt (2003). Muyaka's poetry in the history of Bao. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 66, No. 1
Fernand Gobet, Alex de Voogt, Jean Retschitzki (2004). Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games. ISBN 1-84169-336-7, amazon.com
Alex de Voogt (2005). A Question of Excellence - a century of African masters. Africa World Press: Trenton, New Jersey
Tom Kronenburg, Jeroen Donkers, Alex de Voogt (2006). Never-Ending Moves in Bao. ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2, pdf
Johan Weststeijn, Alex de Voogt (2007). Dreams in Tabari: Husayn, Jubayr, and those in God’s favor in the Umayyad period. Le Muséon: Revue d’études orientales 120(1): 225–29 ^[9] ^[10]

External Links

References

^ Faculty - Alex de Voogt - Richard Gilder Graduate School - American Museum of Natural History
^ AMNH Expeditions: Our Experts
^ Alex de Voogt (1995). Limits of the Mind: Towards a Characterisation of Bao Mastership. Ph.D. Thesis, CNWS Publications
^ Board Game Studies
^ International Journal for the Study of Board Games
^ AMNH Expeditions: Our Experts
^ Alex de Voogt - CV - Selected Publications (pdf)
^ Sa'id ibn Jubayr from Wikipedia
^ Husayn ibn Ali from Wikipedia
^ Umayyad Caliphate from Wikipedia

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Alex de Voogt	Aug 9, 2014
Bao	Dec 23, 2016
Chess Position	Sep 10, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
Games	Feb 20, 2018
ICGA Journal	Dec 21, 2017
Jean Retschitzki	Jul 1, 2014
Jeroen Donkers	Dec 23, 2016
Jos Uiterwijk	Aug 11, 2017
Leiden University	Jul 5, 2016
Maastricht University	May 15, 2017
People	Feb 28, 2018
Rosita Haddad-Zubel	Aug 7, 2013

Up one level

Alexandre Linhares

GerdIsenberg — Sat, 10 Nov 2012 20:07:46 GMT

Home * People * Alexandre Linhares

		Alexandre Linhares, a Brazilian computer scientist, research professor of public and business administration at Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas, Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV), Rio de Janeiro ^[1] , and currently director-general of the Brazilian Chapter of the Club of Rome. His research interests include cognition in chess, where he is a critique of Chase and Simon's heavily quoted work Perception in chess ^[2] , controversial debated by Fernand Gobet et al. ^[3] ^[4] .
Alexandre Linhares ^[5]

The Nature of Chunks

See also

Selected Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

The Nature of Chunks

The debate is about the nature of chess chunks. One possibility states that chunks are built by encoding particular combinations of pieces-on-squares (POSs), and that chunks are formed mostly by “close” pieces (in a “Euclidean” sense). A complementary hypothesis, as proposed by Alexandre Linhares and Paulo Brum ^[6] , is that chunks are encoded by abstract, semantic information such as given in following positions, the Fool's mate and its “most economical” representation, as given by Jenő Bán ^[7] :


rnb1kbnr/pppp1ppp/8/4p3/6Pq/5P2/PPPPP2P /RNBQKBNR w KQkq -		8/8/8/8/8/6b1/2k1P3/4KB2 w - -

Selected Publications

^[8]

Alexandre Linhares (2005). An Active Symbols Theory of Chess Intuition. Minds and Machines, Vol. 15, No. 2
Alexandre Linhares, Paulo Brum (2007). Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play. Cognitive Science, 31, 989-1007. pdf
Merim Bilalić, Fernand Gobet (2007). They do what they are told to do: The influence of instruction on (chess) expert perception - Commentary on Linhares and Brum (2007). Cognitive Science. pdf
Alexandre Linhares, Paulo Brum (2009). How Can Experts See the Invisible? Reply to Bilalic and Gobet. Cognitive Science, Vol 33, No. 5
Alexandre Linhares, Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas (2010). Questioning Chase and Simon's (1973) “Perception in chess”: The “experience recognition” hypothesis. New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 1
Peter Lane, Fernand Gobet (2011). Perception in chess and beyond: Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010). New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 2
Neil Charness (2012). Patterns of theorizing about chess skill - Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010) and Lane and Gobet (2011). New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 30, No. 3
Alexandre Linhares, Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas, Alexandre Mendes, Jarbas S. Silva (2012). Entanglement of perception and reasoning in the combinatorial game of chess: Differential errors of strategic reconstruction. Cognitive Systems Research, Vol. 13, No 1, 72-86

External Links

References

^ linhares - www
^ William Chase, Herbert Simon (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pdf
^ The Human Intuition Project: Chase and Simon (1973) Perception in chess, Cognitive Psychology 4:55-81. A scientific blunder by Alexandre Linhares, October 01, 2007
^ Peter Lane, Fernand Gobet (2011). Perception in chess and beyond: Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010). New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 2
^ Associate Member | THE CLUB OF ROME
^ Alexandre Linhares, Paulo Brum (2007). Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play. Cognitive Science, Vol. 31, 989-1007. pdf
^ Jenő Bán (1997). The tactics of endgames. Dover Publications, ISBN-13: 978-0486297057, amazon.com
^ DBLP: Alexandre Linhares

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Alexandre Linhares	Nov 10, 2012
Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas	Nov 7, 2012
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
Herbert Simon	Feb 11, 2016
Merim Bilalić	Oct 2, 2014
Neil Charness	Oct 2, 2014
Paulo Brum	Nov 7, 2012
People	Feb 28, 2018
Peter Lane	Jan 1, 2016
William Chase	Jan 21, 2016

Up one level

Chess Psychology Booklist

GerdIsenberg — Thu, 11 Apr 2013 10:22:35 GMT

Home * Knowledge * Psychology * Booklist

Blindfold Chess. History, Psychology, Techniques, Champions, World Records, and Important Games. Eliot Hearst and John Knott. McFarland and Company. 2009. 437 pages.
Chess: A Psychiatrist Matches Wits with Fritz. Ernest Pecci ^[1]^[2], MD. Pavior Publishing. 2001. 412 pages. amazon
Chess for Tigers. Simon Webb. Maxwell Macmillan Chess. 1991. 120 Pages. amazon.uk
Chess Master at Any Age. Rolf Wetzell. Thinkers’ Press. 1994. 300 pages. amazon
Chess Players’ Thinking. Pertti Saariluoma. Routledge. 1995. 201 pages. amazon
Chess Psychology. Angus Dunnington. Everyman Chess. 2003. 128 pages. google books
Chess. The Mechanics of the Mind. Pfleger and Treppner. 1988. 156 pages. amazon.de
Dynamics of Chess Psychology. Cary Utterberg. Chess Digest. 1994. 219 pages. Dynamics of Chess Psychology from Schachversand Niggemann
How to Become a Candidate Master. Alex Dunne. Thinkers’ Press. 1985. 252 pages. amazon
Moves in Mind. The Psychology of Board Games. Gobet et al. Psychology Press. 2004. 273 pages. amazon
Perception and Memory in Chess. Studies in the Heuristics of the Professional Eye. Adriaan de Groot & Fernand Gobet. Van Gorcum. 1996. 315 pages.
Philosophy Looks at Chess. Edited by Benjamin Hale. Open Court. 2008. 236 pages. review
Practical Chess Psychology. Amatzia Avni. Batsford. 2001. 160 pages. chesscafe.com
Predicament in 2 Dimensions. Ariel Mengarini. Thinkers’ Press. 1979. 105 pages. amazon.uk
Psychology in Chess. Nikolai Krogius. RHM Press. 1976. 243 pages. amazon
Schachpsychologie. Reinhard Munzert. Beyer Verlag. 1998. 390 pages. amazon.de
Secrets of a Grandpatzer. Malibu Chess Press. Kenneth Colby. 1979. 139 pages. amazon
The Art of Learning. An Inner Journey to Optimal Performance. Josh Waitzkin. Free Press. 2007. 265 pages. amazon
The Chess Mind. Cranberg and Albert. Guilford Press. 1988. 190 pages.
The Chess Mind. Gerald Abrahams. A Penguin Handbook. 1960. 346 pages. National Library Of Australia
The Genius and the Misery of Chess. Zhivko Kaikamjozov. Mongoose Press. 2008. 224 pages. amazon.uk
The Grandmaster’s Mind. Amatzia Avni. Gambit. 2004. 176 pages. amazon
The Inner Game of Chess. How to Calculate and Win. Andrew Soltis. McKay Chess Library. 1995. 359 pages. amazon
The Psychology of Chess Skill. Dennis Holding. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1985. 271 pages. amazon
The Psychology of Chess. Hartston and Wason. Facts on File. 1984. 138 pages. amazon
The Psychology of the Chess Player. Reuben Fine. Dover. 1967. 74 pages. amazon
Think Like a Grandmaster. Kotov. Batsford. 1994. 200 pages. amazon
Thought and Choice in Chess. A. D. De Groot. Basic Books. 1965. 463 pages. amazon
Train Like a Grandmaster. Kotov. Batsford. 1981. 124 pages. amazon
Winning Chess Psychology. Wilf Holloway. Schachfirma Fruth. 1997. 212 pages.
Winning Chess Psychology 2. Wilf Holloway. 233 pages, see Wilfred Holloway from Schachversand Niggemann
Winning with Chess Psychology. Benko and Hochberg. McKay Chess Library. 1991. 264 pages. amazon

References

^ CHESS: A psychiatrist matches wits with Fritz - review from ChessBase, May 18, 2002
^ Chessgames of Ernest F Pecci from chessgames.com

Up one Level

CHREST

GerdIsenberg — Fri, 06 May 2016 20:34:02 GMT

Home * Knowledge * Cognition * CHREST

CHREST, (Chunk Hierarchy and REtrieval STructures)
a cognitive architecture that models human perception, learning, memory, and problem solving. It is distinctive in its emphasis on the importance of perception and attention, and in following human constraints such as limitations on short-term memory, chunking and processing speed. Fernand Gobet is principal investigator of CHREST, influenced by the earlier EPAM model, originally designed by Herbert Simon and Edward Feigenbaum ^[1] ^[2].

CHREST consists of a blending of ideas proposed in earlier computer models of different aspects of chess ^[3], Mater by Baylor and Simon ^[4], Perceiver by Barenfeld and Simon ^[5], and MAPP by Gilmartin and Simon ^[6] and originated from modeling work on chess expertise.

CHUMP

One application of CHREST was the pattern learning chess program CHUMP by Gobet and Peter Jansen ^[7] , where an eye movement simulator, the only part of the system where the rules of the game influence the learning process, scans the board, and directs its attention to pieces and squares it expects, given the current node in its discrimination net, attack, defense and proximity relations between pieces.

Architecture

An overview of the architecture of CHREST ^[8]

Publications

Fernand Gobet (1993). A Computer Model of Chess Memory. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 463-468.
Fernand Gobet, Peter Jansen (1994). Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory. Advances in Computer Chess 7
Adriaan de Groot, Fernand Gobet (1996). Perception and memory in chess. Heuristics of the professional eye. Assen: Van Gorcum, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-232-2949-5. Chapter 9; A discussion: Two authors, two different views? word reprint.
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (2000). Five Seconds or Sixty? Presentation Time in Expert Memory. Cognitive Science, Vol. 24, No. 4
Fernand Gobet, Peter Lane, Steve Croker, Peter C-H. Cheng, Gary Jones, Iain Oliver, Julian M. Pine (2001). Chunking mechanisms in human learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 6
Fernand Gobet (2001). Is Experts' Knowledge Modular? Proceedings of the 23rd Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pdf
Pertti Saariluoma, Tei Laine (2001). Novice construction of chess memory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 42, No. 2
Fernand Gobet, Peter Lane (2004). CHREST tutorial: Simulations of human learning. CogSci 2004
Fernand Gobet (2005). Chunking Models of Expertise: Implications for Education. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 2
Fernand Gobet (2007). Chunk hierarchies and retrieval structures: Comments on Saariluoma and Laine. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42. pdf
Richard L. Smith, Fernand Gobet, Peter Lane (2007). An Investigation into the Effect of Ageing on Expert Memory with CHREST. UKCI 2007
Peter Lane, Fernand Gobet, Richard L. Smith (2008). Attention mechanisms in the CHREST cognitive architecture. Proc. of the 5th International Workshop on Attention in Cognitive Systems
Roy W. Roring III (2008). Reviewing Expert Chess Performance: A Production-Based Theory of Chess Skill. Ph.D. thesis, advisor Neil Charness, Florida State University
Richard L. Smith, Fernand Gobet, Peter Lane (2009). Checking chess checks with chunks: A model of simple check detection. ICCM 2009

External Links

CHREST from Wikipedia
CHREST Home
Design of CHREST
CHREST - Centre for Research in Development, Instruction and Training - University of Nottingham
Flora Purim - Open Your Eyes You Can Fly, YouTube Video
Flora Purim, George Duke, David Amaro, Alphonso Johnson, Airto Moreira, Leon "Ndugu" Chancler

References

^ Edward Feigenbaum (1959). An Information Processing Theory of Verbal Learning. RAND Paper
^ Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (1984). EPAMlike models of recognition and learning. Cognitive Science, Vol. 8, 305-336, pdf
^ Fernand Gobet (1993). A Computer Model of Chess Memory. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 463-468
^ George W. Baylor, Herbert A. Simon (1966). A chess mating combinations program. AFIPS
^ Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (1969). Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5
^ Herbert Simon, Kevin J. Gilmartin (1973). A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 29-46.
^ Fernand Gobet, Peter Jansen (1994). Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory. Advances in Computer Chess 7
^ Design of CHREST

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Check	Feb 1, 2018
CHREST	May 6, 2016
Chump	Jan 31, 2016
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Dictionary	Aug 24, 2017
Edward Feigenbaum	Jan 3, 2016
EPAM	Jul 15, 2017
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
Learning	Feb 20, 2018
MAPP	Jan 30, 2016
Perceiver	Nov 21, 2017
Peter Lane	Jan 1, 2016
William Chase	Jan 21, 2016

Up one Level

Christopher Chabris

GerdIsenberg — Sat, 15 Aug 2015 08:54:03 GMT

Home * People * Christopher Chabris

		Christopher F. (Chris) Chabris, an American psychologist, neuroscientist, computer scientist, USCF chess master, chess writer and columnist. He is known as co-author along with Daniel Simons of the book The Invisible Gorilla published in 2010 ^[1]. This title of this book refers to an earlier research project of Chabris and Simons revealing that people who are focused on one thing can easily overlook something else, awarded with an Ig Nobel Prize ^[2]. Christopher Chabris received his B.A. in computer science and Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard University, where he was also a lecturer and research associate for many years, and is currently assistant professor of psychology at Union College in Schenectady, New York, adjunct assistant professor of Neurology at Albany Medical College, and visiting scholar at the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence ^[3]. His research interests focuses on how people differ from one another in mental abilities and patterns of behavior, and how cognitive illusions affect our decisions. As computer science student at Harvard in the late 80s, when he was rated among the top 50 chess players in the U.S. under 21 years of age with an USCF rating of 2206 ^[4], he wrote on AI with Turbo Pascal, and reported on computer chess tournaments ^[5].
Christopher Chabris ^[6]

See also

Selected Publications

Selected Publications

^[7] ^[8]

Christopher Chabris (1987). Reviews: The Game of Kings - START's First Chess Tournament. STart Vol. 2, No. 2 » Atari ST
Christopher Chabris (1987, 1989). Artificial Intelligence and Turbo Pascal - Book and Disk. Irwin Professional Pub, amazon.com » Artificial Intelligence, Turbo Pascal
Christopher Chabris, Danny Kopec (1993). The 4th Harvard Cup Human versus Computer Chess Challange. ICCA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 4 » Harvard Cup 1993
Christopher Chabris, Danny Kopec (1994). Report on the Fifth Harvard Cup Human versus Computer Intel Chess Challenge. ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4 » Harvard Cup 1994
Christopher Chabris (1995). American Chess Journal 1. H3 Inc, amazon.com
Christopher Chabris (1995). American Chess Journal 2. H3 Inc, amazon.com
Christopher Chabris (1996). American Chess Journal 3. H3 Inc, amazon.com
Mark E. Glickman, Christopher Chabris (1996). Using Chess Ratings as Data in Psychological Research. pdf
Patrick Wolff, Christopher Chabris (1997). The complete idiot's guide to chess. Alpha Books, amazon.com
Christopher Chabris, Eliot Hearst (2003). Mentalizing, Pattern Recognition and Forward Search: Effects of Playing Speed and Sight of the Position on Grandmaster Chess Errors. Cognitive Science, Vol. 27, pp. 637–648.
Christopher Chabris, Daniel Simons (2010, 2011). The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us. amazon.com

Forum Posts

Sixth Harvard Cup UPDATE by Christopher Chabris, rgcc, December 18, 1995
Humans win Sixth Harvard Cup, 23.5-12.5 by Christopher Chabris, rgcm, December 29, 1995
Reply to Jonah Lehrer’s “On Bad Reviews” Christopher Chabris by Christopher Chabris, Google+, May 14, 2012 ^[9] ^[10]

External Links

Christopher Chabris from Wikipedia
Christopher F. Chabris: CFC
Christopher Chabris | Assistant Professor of Psychology, Union College | Big Think
Christopher Chabris at Google+
The Invisible Gorilla: And Other Ways Our Intuitions Deceive Us - about the authors by Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons
Invisible Gorilla Test from Wikipedia
Amazon.com: Christopher F. Chabris: Books, Biography
Chabris, Christopher FIDE Chess Profile - Players Arbiters Trainers
Christopher Chabris chess games - 365Chess.com
The Real Kings of Chess Are Computers by Christopher Chabris, The Wall Street Journal, January 9, 2015 » TCEC Season 7
Anatomy of a Computer Chess Game by Christopher Chabris, The Wall Street Journal, January 9, 2015 » on Game 14 of the Superfinal
Martin Thoresen's World Chess Championship by Christopher Chabris, January 10, 2015 » Martin Thoresen, TCEC, TCEC Season 7
Chris Chabris: When Intuition Fails, PopTech 2010 ^[11], YouTube Video

References

^ Christopher Chabris, Daniel Simons (2010, 2011). The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us. amazon.com
^ Invisible gorilla steals Ig Nobel prize by Jeff Hecht, New Scientist, October 01, 2004
^ The Invisible Gorilla: And Other Ways Our Intuitions Deceive Us - about the authors by Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons
^ Christopher Chabris (1987). Reviews: The Game of Kings - START's First Chess Tournament. STart Vol. 2, No. 2
^ Christopher Chabris, Danny Kopec (1994). Report on the Fifth Harvard Cup Human versus Computer Intel Chess Challenge. ICCA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 224-232
^ Christopher Chabris at Google+
^ Amazon.com: Christopher F. Chabris: Books, Biography
^ ICGA Reference Database (pdf)
^ Jonah Lehrer Interviews Christopher Chabris | The Creativity Post, August 01, 2012
^ Jonah Lehrer from Wikipedia
^ PopTech 2010 | Liveblog live blogging | Reuters.com

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Alexander Szabo	Nov 10, 2012
Artificial Intelligence	Apr 9, 2018
Atari ST	Dec 7, 2016
ChessBase (Database)	Feb 26, 2018
Christopher Chabris	Aug 15, 2015
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Danny Kopec	Oct 1, 2016
Databases	Mar 18, 2018
Eliot Hearst	Nov 7, 2012
Harvard Cup 1993	Nov 8, 2016
Harvard Cup 1994	Apr 21, 2014
Harvard Cup 1995	Nov 9, 2012
Harvard University	Feb 22, 2016
ICGA Journal	Dec 21, 2017
Komodo	Mar 6, 2018
Martin Thoresen	Apr 29, 2015
Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Jan 24, 2017
Pascal	Nov 28, 2016
Pattern Recognition	Sep 8, 2017
People	Feb 28, 2018
Psion	Mar 20, 2017
Szabo Software	May 3, 2013
TCEC	Apr 18, 2018
TCEC Season 7	Jan 23, 2015
TechMate	Aug 23, 2014
William Chase	Jan 21, 2016

Up one level

Cognition

GerdIsenberg — Fri, 08 Dec 2017 11:46:17 GMT

Home * Knowledge * Cognition

		Cognition, the mental process of knowing, including attention, remembering, reasoning, understanding, intuition, awareness, and perception. Cognition is studied in cognitive science and various disciplines such as linguistics, neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, anthropology and artificial intelligence ^[1] . Cognitive psychology, coined by Ulric Neisser in 1967 ^[2], is the study of how people or intelligent agents perceive, recall, learn, think, speak, and solve problems.
Fields of cognitive science ^[3]

Cognitive Architectures

Cognition in Chess

In 1946, Adriaan de Groot conducted a number of ground-breaking experiments in the cognitive processes that occur in the brains of strong chess players, and defined four stages of the thought process. Perception in Chess was researched by Herbert Simon, William Chase, Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig, Simona Tancig, Fernand Gobet, Peter Jansen and others, related to chess and computer chess, and how computer chess programmers may adopt techniques from human thought processes.

Perception

Chess experiments by Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig and Simona Tancig
Chess experiments by Pertti Saariluoma
Chess experiments by Tei Laine and Pertti Saariluoma
Eye Movements
Perception by William Chase and Herbert Simon
Perception - Video by Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris featuring Patrick Wolff
WCCC 1986 Video with Adriaan de Groot, experiments by Dieter Steinwender and Frederic Friedel featuring András Adorján et al.

Programs

Publications

^[4]

1890 ...

Alfred Binet (1893). Les grandes Mémoires: Résumé d'une enquête sur les joueurs d'échecs. [Mnemonic virtuosity: A study of chess players.] Revue des Deux Mondes, Vol. 117. pp 826-859
Alfred Binet (1894). Psychologie des grands calculateurs et joiers d'échecs. Hachette

1920 ...

I.N. Djakov (1926). Psihologia Shakhmatnoi Igry. (Chess psychology) edited by N.B. Petrovskij and P.A. Rudik, Moscow: Avtorov
I.N. Djakov (1927). Psychologie des Schachspiels. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & Leipzig, reprinted 2001 Bigli-Press, amazon ^[5]

1940 ...

Walter Pitts (1942). Some observations on the simple neuron circuit. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Vol. 4, No. 3
Warren S. McCulloch, Walter Pitts (1943). A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, Vol. 5, No. 1, pdf
Adriaan de Groot (1946). Het denken van den Schaker, een experimenteel-psychologische studie. Ph.D. thesis, University of Amsterdam; N.V. Noord-Hollandse Uitgevers Maatschappij, Amsterdam. Translated with the help of George Baylor, with additions, (in 1965) as Thought and Choice in Chess. Mouton Publishers, The Hague. ISBN 90-279-7914-6.
Donald O. Hebb (1949). The Organization of Behavior. Wiley & Sons

1950 ...

Stephen C. Kleene (1951) Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata. RM-704, RAND paper, pdf, reprinted in
Claude Shannon, John McCarthy (eds.) (1956). Automata Studies. Annals of Mathematics Studies, No. 34
Marvin Minsky (1954). Neural Nets and the Brain Model Problem. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University
George Armitage Miller (1956). The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two. Psychological Review, Vol. 101, No. 2, pdf
John von Neumann (1956). Probabilistic Logic and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms From Unreliable Components. in
Claude Shannon, John McCarthy (eds.) (1956). Automata Studies. Annals of Mathematics Studies, No. 34, pdf
Frank Rosenblatt (1957). The Perceptron - a Perceiving and Recognizing Automaton. Report 85-460-1, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory ^[6]
Noam Chomsky (1957). Syntactic Structures. Mouton & Co.
John von Neumann (1958, 2000). The Computer and the Brain. Second Edition from amazon.com
Edward Feigenbaum (1959). An Information Processing Theory of Verbal Learning. RAND Paper » EPAM

1960 ...

Edward Feigenbaum (1960). Information Theories of Human Verbal Learning. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, advisor Herbert Simon
Edward Feigenbaum (1961). The Simulation of Verbal Learning Behavior. Proceedings Western Joint Conference, Vol. 19
Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (1961). Performance of a Reading Task by an Elementary Perceiving and Memorizing Program. RAND Paper, pdf
Frank Rosenblatt (1962). Principles of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms. Spartan Books
Ulric Neisser (1963). The Imitation of Man by Machine. Science, Vol. 139
Herbert Simon, Edward Feigenbaum (1964). An Information-processing Theory of Some Effects of Similarity, Familiarization, and Meaningfulness in Verbal Learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, Vol. 3, No. 5, pdf
Adriaan de Groot (1965, 1978). Thought and Choice in Chess. Mouton & Co Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-279-7914-6, amazon, google
Walter R. Reitman (1965). Cognition and Thought: an information processing approach. John Wiley & Sons
Oleg K. Tichomirov, E. D. Poznyanskaya (1966). An Investigation of Visual Search as a Means of Analyzing Heuristics. Soviet Psychology, Winter 1966-67 (from Voprosy Psikhologii, 1966, 2, 4)
Adriaan de Groot (1966). Perception and Memory versus Thought: Some Old Ideas and Recent Findings. Problem Solving: Research, Method, and Theory (ed. B. Kleinmuntz), pp. 19-50. John Wiley, New York.
Ulric Neisser (1967). Cognitive Psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
Adriaan de Groot, Walter R. Reitman (eds.) (1966). Heuristic Processes in Thinking. International Congress of Psychology, Nauka, Moscow
Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (1968). Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions. Carnegie Mellon University, Paper #127
Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (1969). Information Processing-Analysis of Perceptual Processes in Problem Solving. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5, reprinted in Herbert A. Simon (1979). Models of Thought. Yale University Press, pdf
Saul Sternberg (1969). Memory-scanning: Mental Processes revealed by Reaction-time Experiments. American Scientist, Vol. 57, No. 4, pdf

1970 ...

Albert Zobrist (1970). A Pattern Recognition Program which uses a Geometry-Preserving Representation of Features. Technical Report #85, pdf
Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (1972). Human Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall
Peter Wason (1972). The Psychology of Chess. New Scientist, July 1972, google books
Herbert Simon (1973). Lessons from Perception for Chess-Playing Programs (and Vice Versa). Computer Science Research Review 1972-72, pdf
William Chase, Herbert Simon (1973). The Mind’s Eye in Chess. Visual Information Processing: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Carnegie Psychology Symposium (ed. W. G. Chase), pp. 215-281. Academic Press, New York. Reprinted (1988) in Readings in Cognitive Science (ed. A.M. Collins). Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA.
William Chase, Herbert Simon (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pdf ^[7] ^[8]
Herbert Simon, William Chase (1973). Skill in Chess. American Scientist, Vol. 61, No. 4, Reprinted (1988) in Computer Chess Compendium, pdf
Herbert Simon, Kevin J. Gilmartin (1973). A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5 » MAPP
Alan H. Bond (1973). Psychology and Computer Chess. in Computer Chess edited by Alex Bell
Marc Eisenstadt, Yaakov Kareev (1973). Toward a Model of Human Game Playing. IJCAI 1973, pdf
Herbert Simon (1974). How big is a chunk? Science, Vol. 183, pdf

1975 ...

Ruslan Hajiev (1975). Experimental Studies of Human Decision-Making and its Simulation by Situation Control Technique.. (on the basis of a chess endgame). IJCAI 1975, Tbilisi, Georgia, USSR, pdf
Peter W. Frey, Peter Adesman (1976). Recall Memory for Visually Presented Chess Positions. Memory & Cognition, Vol. 4, No. 5, 541-547
Neil Charness (1976). Memory for Chess Positions: Resistance to Interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 641-653 » MAPP
Judith S. Reitman (1976). Skilled Perception in Go: Deducing Memory Structures from Inter-Response Times. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 8, pdf
Neil Charness (1977). Human Chess Skill. Chess Skill in Man and Machine
Russell M. Church, Kenneth W. Church (1977). Plans, Goals, and Search Strategies for the Selection of a Move in Chess. Chess Skill in Man and Machine
Eliot Hearst (1977). Man and Machine: Chess Achievements and Chess Thinking. Chess Skill in Man and Machine
Jürg Nievergelt (1977). Information content of chess positions. ACM SIGART Newsletter 62, pp. 13-14. Reprinted as: Information content of chess positions: Implications for game-specific knowledge of chess players, pp. 283-289. Machine Intelligence 12 (eds. Jean Hayes Michie, Donald Michie, E. Tyugu). Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991. ISBN 0-19-853823-5.
Sarah E. Goldin (1978). Chess: Contributions to the Understanding of Human Cognition. pdf hosted by US Chess Trust
Sarah E. Goldin (1978). Effects of orienting tasks on recognition of chess positions. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 91, No. 4, pp. 659-671
Sarah E. Goldin (1978). Memory for the ordinary: Typicality effects in chess memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 605-616
Sarah E. Goldin (1979). Recognition memory for chess positions: Some preliminary research. American Journal of Psychology, Vol 92, No. 1, pp. 19-32
Herbert A. Simon (1979). Models of Thought. Yale University Press

1980 ...

Herbert Simon (1980). Cognitive Science: The Newest Science of the Artificial. Cognitive Science, Vol. 4, No. 1
Marvin Minsky (1980). K-Lines: A Theory of Memory. Cognitive Science 4, 117-133, pdf ^[9]
Matjaž Gams (1981). Reasoning in Electric Circuits. M.Sc. Thesis
Robert I. Reynolds (1982). Search Heuristics of Chess Players of Different Calibers. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 95, No. 3, pp. 373-392
Dennis H. Holding, Robert I. Reynolds (1982). Recall or Evaluation of Chess Positions as Determinants of Chess Skill. Memory & Cognition, Vol. 10, No. 3, 237-242
Murray Campbell, Hans Berliner (1983). A Chess Program That Chunks. AAAI 1983 49-53, pdf
Hans Berliner, Murray Campbell (1984). Using Chunking to Solve Chess Pawn Endgames. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 97-120. ISSN 0004-3702
Lawrence W. Barsalou, Gordon H. Bower (1984). Discrimination Nets as Psychological Models. Cognitive Science, Vol. 8, No. 1
Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (1984). EPAMlike models of recognition and learning. Cognitive Science, Vol. 8, 305-336, pdf
Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig, Simona Tancig (1984). Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess. ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2 (abridged version)
Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig, Simona Tancig (1984,1986). Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess. Advances in Computer Chess 4 (full paper)
William Hartston, Pete Wason (1984). The Psychology of Chess. Facts on File. amazon
Pertti Saariluoma (1984). Coding problem spaces in chess: A Psychological study. Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium 23/1984, amazon
John E. Laird, Paul S. Rosenbloom, Allen Newell (1984). Towards Chunking as a General Learning Mechanism. AAAI 1984

1985

Dennis H. Holding (1985). The Psychology of Chess Skill. Psychology Press ^[10]
Danny Kopec, Monroe Newborn, Winston Yu (1986). Experiments in Chess Cognition. Advances in Computer Chess 4, pdf
Adriaan de Groot (1986). Intuition in Chess. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2
Peter W. Frey (1986). Fuzzy Production Rules in Chess. ICCA Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4
Subhash Kak (1987). Patanjali and Cognitive Science. Vitasta Publishing ^[11]
John E. Laird, Allen Newell, Paul S. Rosenbloom (1987). SOAR: An Architecture for General Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 33, No. 1 » Soar
Murray Campbell (1988). Chunking as an Abstraction Mechanism. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University
Herbert Simon (1988). Prospects for Cognitive Science. FGCS 1988
Robert C. Berger (1989). Cognitive Organization in Chess: Beyond Chunking. Master's Thesis Rice University, pdf

1990 ...

Allen Newell (1990). Unified Theories of Cognition. Harvard University Press
Pertti Saariluoma (1990). Chess players' search for task relevant cues: Are chunks relevant? In: David Brogan: Visual search. pp. 115-121
Michael George, Jonathan Schaeffer (1990). Chunking for Experience. ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3
Michael George, Jonathan Schaeffer (1991). Chunking for Experience. Advances in Computer Chess 6
Dennis H. Holding (1992). Theories of Chess Skill. Psychological Research, Vol. 54, No. 1 ^[12]
Neil Charness (1992). The Impact of Chess Research on Cognitive Science. Psychological Research, Vol. 54, No. 1
Paul S. Rosenbloom, John E. Laird (1993). On Unified Theories of Cognition: A Response to the Reviews. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 59, Nos. 1-2, pdf
Fernand Gobet (1993). A Computer Model of Chess Memory. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
Paul S. Rosenbloom, John E. Laird, Allen Newell (1993). The SOAR Papers: Research on Integrated Intelligence. MIT Press, amazon » Soar
Fernand Gobet, Peter Jansen (1994). Towards a Chess Program Based on a Model of Human Memory. Advances in Computer Chess 7 » CHUMP
Steven P. Abney (1994). Parsing By Chunks. Bell Communications Research, pdf

1995 ...

Pertti Saariluoma (1995). Chess players' thinking. Routledge. amazon

1996

Adriaan de Groot, Fernand Gobet (1996). Perception and memory in chess. Heuristics of the professional eye. Assen: Van Gorcum, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-232-2949-5. Chapter 9; A discussion: Two authors, two different views? word reprint
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1996). Templates in Chess Memory: A Mechanism for Recalling Several Boards. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 31, pp. 1-40.
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1996). Recall of random and distorted positions: Implications for the theory of expertise. Memory & Cognition, 24, 493-503.
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1996). Recall of rapidly presented random chess positions is a function of skill. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 159-163, word reprint
Mark E. Glickman, Christopher Chabris (1996). Using Chess Ratings as Data in Psychological Research. pdf

1997

Santos Gerardo Lazzeri, Rachelle Heller (1997). Application of Fuzzy Logic and Case-Based Reasoning to the Generation of High-Level Advice in Chess. Advances in Computer Chess 8

1998

Fernand Gobet (1998). Chess players’ thinking revisited. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 57, 18-32.
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1998). Expert chess memory: Revisiting the chunking hypothesis. Memory, 6, 225-255
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1998). Pattern recognition makes search possible: Comments on Holding (1992). Psychological Research, Vol. 61, pdf ^[13]
Franz-Günter Winkler (1998). Spacetime Holism - A Fundamental Approach to the Representation Problem in Cognitive Science. Dissertation, Vienna University of Technology, pdf

1999

Fernand Gobet (1999). De Groot, A.D. The Father of Chess Psychology, New In Chess Magazine 1999/8, page 84
Robert W. Howard (1999). Preliminary Real-World Evidence That Average Human Intelligence Really is Rising. Intelligence, Vol. 27, No. 3 ^[14]
Robert A. Wilson, Frank C. Keil (eds.) (1999,2001). The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS). The MIT Press, amazon
Richard S. Schultetus, Neil Charness (1999). Recall vs. position evaluation revisited: The importance of position-specific memory in chess skill. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 112, No. 4, 555-569.

2000 ...

Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (2000). Five Seconds or Sixty? Presentation Time in Expert Memory. Cognitive Science, Vol. 24, No. 4
Jay Burmeister (2000). Studies in Human and Computer Go: Assessing the Game of Go as a Research Domain for Cognitive Science. Ph.D. thesis, School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering and School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia, pdf
Jaap van den Herik (2000). From Cognition to Perception. ICGA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4

2001

Neil Charness, Eyal Reingold, et al. (2001). The perceptual aspect of skilled performance in chess: Evidence from eye movements. Memory & Cognition, Vol. 29, 1146-1152, pdf
Pertti Saariluoma, Tei Laine (2001). Novice construction of chess memory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 42, No. 2 ^[15]
Eyal Reingold, Neil Charness, Richard S. Schultetus, et al. (2001). Perceptual automaticity in expert chess players: Parallel encoding of chess relations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, 504-510, pdf
Pertti Saariluoma (2001). Chess and content-oriented psychology of thinking. Psicológica, 22, 143-164, pdf

2002

Fernand Gobet, Guillermo Campitelli (2002). Intelligence and Chess. In Jean Retschitzki, Rosita Haddad-Zubel (eds.) (2002). Step by step. Proceedings of the 4th colloquium Board games in academia. Edition Universitaires Fribourg Suisse
Fernand Gobet, Guillermo Campitelli, Andrew J. Waters (2002). Rise of human intelligence Comments on Howard (1999). Intelligence, Vol. 30 ^[16]

2003

George Armitage Miller (2003). The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, Vol.7, No.3, pdf
Guillermo Campitelli (2003). Cognitive and neuronal bases of expertise. Ph. D. thesis, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
Christopher Chabris, Eliot Hearst (2003). Mentalizing, Pattern Recognition and Forward Search: Effects of Playing Speed and Sight of the Position on Grandmaster Chess Errors. Cognitive Science, Vol. 27

2004

Fernand Gobet, Alex de Voogt, Jean Retschitzki (2004). Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games. ISBN 1-84169-336-7
Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet (2004). Adaptive Expert Decision making: Skilled Chess Players Search More and Deeper. ICGA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 4, pdf

2005 ...

Dharshan Kumaran, Eleanor A. Maguire (2005). The Human Hippocampus: Cognitive Maps or Relational Memory? Journal of Neuroscience], Vol. 25, No. 31
Fernand Gobet, Peter Jansen (2005). Training in Chess: A Scientific Approach. pdf
Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet, Amanda Parker (2005). Structure and Stimulus Familiarity: A Study of Memory in Chess-Players with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 2
Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet (2005). The mind's eye in blindfold chess. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology Vol. 17, 23-45
Alexandre Linhares (2005). An Active Symbols Theory of Chess Intuition. Minds and Machines, Vol. 15, No. 2
Han L.J. van der Maas, Eric-Jan Wagenmakers (2005). A psychometric analysis of chess expertise. University of Amsterdam, pdf
Neil Charness, Eyal Reingold, et al. (2005). The Role of Deliberate Practice in Chess Expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 19, 151-165, pdf
Eyal Reingold, Neil Charness (2005). Perception in chess: Evidence from eye movements. Cognitive processes in eye guidance. Oxford University Press, pdf

2006

Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (2006). Does chess need intelligence? A study with young chess players. Intelligence, 35, 457-470, pdf
Takeshi Ito, Hitoshi Matsubara, Reijer Grimbergen (2006). Chunking in Shogi: New Findings. Advances in Computer Games 11

2007

Alexandre Linhares, Paulo Brum (2007). Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play. Cognitive Science, 31, pdf
Merim Bilalić, Fernand Gobet (2007). They do what they are told to do: The influence of instruction on (chess) expert perception - Commentary on Linhares and Brum (2007). Cognitive Science. pdf
Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet (2007). The role of practice in chess: A longitudinal study.
Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet, Kay Head, Mark Buckley, Amanda Parker (2007). Brain localisation of memory chunks in chessplayers. International Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 1641-1659.
Fernand Gobet (2007). Chunk hierarchies and retrieval structures: Comments on Saariluoma and Laine. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42. pdf ^[17]

2008

Fernand Gobet (2008). The role of deliberate practice in expertise: Necessary but not sufficient. Cognitive Science Society
Fernand Gobet, Philippe Chassy (2008). Season of birth and chess expertise. Journal of Biosocial Science, Vol. 40, No. 2, pdf
Eliot Hearst, John Knott (2008). Blindfold Chess: history, psychology, techniques, champions, world records and important games. McFarland & Company, amazon.com
Andrew Cook (2008). Chunk Learning and Move Prompting: Making Moves in Chess. Technical Report CSR-08-12, University of Birmingham
Dharshan Kumaran (2008). Short-Term Memory and The Human Hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 28, No. 15, pdf

2009

Alexandre Linhares, Paulo Brum (2009). How Can Experts See the Invisible? Reply to Bilalic and Gobet. Cognitive Science, Vol 33, No. 5
Guillermo Campitelli, Fernand Gobet (2009). Handedness, practice and talent in chess from ChessBase News, January 15, 2009
Fernand Gobet, Philippe Chassy (2009). Expertise and Intuition: A Tale of Three Theories. Minds and Machines, Vol. 19, No. 2
Diego Rasskin-Gutman (2009). Chess Metaphors - Artificial Intelligence and the Human Mind. translated by Deborah Klosky, MIT Press
Jana Krivec, Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2009). Identification and Characteristic Descriptions of Procedural Chunks. ComputationWorld conference: Cognitive 2009. pdf
Demis Hassabis (2009). The Neural Processes Underpinning Episodic Memory. Ph.D. thesis, University College London, Supervisor Eleanor A. Maguire, pdf
Demis Hassabis, Eleanor A. Maguire (2009). The construction system of the brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 364, No. 1521

2010 ...

Francis Mechner (2010). Chess as a behavioral model for cognitive skill research: Review of Blindfold Chess by Eliot Hearst and John Knott. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 373-386, pdf ^[18]
Alexandre Linhares, Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas (2010). Questioning Chase and Simon's (1973) “Perception in chess”: The “experience recognition” hypothesis. New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 1 ^[19]

2011

Peter Lane, Fernand Gobet (2011). Perception in chess and beyond: Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010). New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 2
Fernand Gobet, Philippe Chassy, Merim Bilalić (2011). Foundations of Cognitive Psychology. McGraw Hill » amazon.com
Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (2011). Expert and “novice” problem solving strategies in chess: Sixty years of citing de Groot (1946). Thinking and Reasoning, Vol. 14, No. 4
Michael H. Connors, Bruce D. Burns, Guillermo Campitelli (2011). Expertise in complex decision making: the role of search in chess 70 years after de Groot. Cognitive Science, Vol. 35, No. 8

2012

Neil Charness (2012). Patterns of theorizing about chess skill - Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010) and Lane and Gobet (2011). New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 30, No. 3
Alexandre Linhares, Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas, Alexandre Mendes, Jarbas S. Silva (2012). Entanglement of perception and reasoning in the combinatorial game of chess: Differential errors of strategic reconstruction. Cognitive Systems Research, Vol. 13, No 1, 72-86
Azlan Iqbal, Harold van der Heijden, Matej Guid, Ali Makhmali (2012). Evaluating the Aesthetics of Endgame Studies: A Computational Model of Human Aesthetic Perception. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 4, No. 3 ^[20]
Xujun Duan, Wei Liao, Dongmei Liang, Lihua Qiu, Qing Gao, Chengyi Liu, Qiyong Gong, Huafu Chen (2012). Large-Scale brain networks in board game experts: Insights from a domain-related task and task-free resting state. PLoS One ^[21] ^[22] ^[23]
Xujun Duan, Sheng He, Wei Liao, Dongmei Liang, Lihua Qiu, Luqing Wei, Yuan Li, Chengyi Liu, Qiyong Gong, Huafu Chen (2012). Reduced caudate volume and enhanced striatal-DMN integration in chess experts. NeuroImage, Vol. 60, No. 2

2013

Paul S. Rosenbloom (2013). The Sigma Cognitive Architecture and System. AISB 2013, pdf
David V. Pynadath, Paul S. Rosenbloom, Stacy C. Marsella, Lingshan Li (2013). Modeling Two-Player Games in the Sigma Graphical Cognitive Architecture. AGI 2013, pdf

2014

Xujun Duan, Zhiliang Long, Huafu Chen, Dongmei Liang, Lihua Qiu, Xiaoqi Huang, Timon Cheng-Yi Liu, Qiyong Gong (2014). Functional organization of intrinsic connectivity networks in Chinese-chess experts. Brain Research, Vol. 1558

2015 ...

Joel Z. Leibo, Julien Cornebise, Sergio Gómez, Demis Hassabis (2015). Approximate Hubel-Wiesel Modules and the Data Structures of Neural Computation. arXiv:1512.08457 ^[24]
Takeshi Ito, Daisuke Takano (2015). Changes in Cognitive Processes and Brain Activity. ICGA Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4 » Shogi

2016

Dharshan Kumaran, Demis Hassabis, James L. McClelland (2016). What learning systems do intelligent agents need? Complementary Learning Systems Theory Updated. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 7, pdf

Forum Posts

Cognitive Psychology and Chess Skill by John Rummel, rgc, June 07, 1994 » Playing Strength

External Links

Cognition

Cognitive Architectures

Chess

Chess Memory by Bill Jordan
A brief survey of psychological studies of chess Copyright © 2001 Mark Jeays
Software Carpentry:Style (Version 1107) - Seven Plus or Minus, The Mind's Eye © 2005-06 Python Software Foundation
Expertise in Memory - A Guide To Expertise, © Copyright Victor Long, Chandra Singh, and David Snitkof, 2005
Expertise in Memory - Chunking Theory
Expertise in Memory - Evidence for Chunking Theory
Expertise in Memory - Chess Expertise
Expertise in Memory - Chess Expertise - History: Building up the literature
The Cognitive Cost Of Expertise | Wired Science | Wired.com by Jonah Lehrer, November 19, 2010
The problem with EXPERTISE by Kevin Spraggett, November 26, 2010
The Invisible Gorilla | How experts recall chess positions by Daniel Simons, February 15, 2012
Psychology: The Heart of Chess by Maria Juliana Leone and Mariano Sigman, ChessBase News, December 10, 2012

Misc

Urszula Dudziak - Wordless Vocalizing, YouTube Video

References

^ Cognition from Wikipedia
^ Ulric Neisser (1967). Cognitive Psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
^ Derivative work: Charles Lowe, Cognitive science from Wikipedia, originally adapted from: George Armitage Miller (2003). The cognitive revolution: a historical perspective. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, Vol.7, No.3, pdf
^ Chess and Education: A Bibliography (pdf) from US Chess Trust
^ Moscow 1925 chess tournament from Wikipedia
^ Rosenblatt's Contributions
^ The Human Intuition Project: Chase and Simon (1973) Perception in chess, Cognitive Psychology 4:55-81. A scientific blunder by Alexandre Linhares, October 01, 2007
^ Alexandre Linhares, Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas (2010). Questioning Chase and Simon's (1973) “Perception in chess”: The “experience recognition” hypothesis. New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 1
^ K-line (artificial intelligence) from Wikipedia
^ Chessville - Reviews - The Psychology of Chess Skill - by Dennis H. Holding - Reviewed by Rick Kennedy
^ Patanjali from Wikipedia
^ Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1998). Pattern recognition makes search possible: Comments on Holding (1992). Psychological Research, Vol. 61, pdf
^ Dennis H. Holding (1992). Theories of Chess Skill. Psychological Research, Vol. 54, No. 1
^ Fernand Gobet, Guillermo Campitelli, Andrew J. Waters (2002). Rise of human intelligence Comments on Howard (1999). Intelligence, Vol. 30
^ Fernand Gobet (2007). Chunk hierarchies and retrieval structures: Comments on Saariluoma and Laine. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42. pdf
^ Robert W. Howard (1999). Preliminary Real-World Evidence That Average Human Intelligence Really is Rising. Intelligence, Vol. 27, No. 3
^ Pertti Saariluoma, Tei Laine (2001). Novice construction of chess memory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 42, No. 2
^ Eliot Hearst, John Knott (2008). Blindfold Chess: history, psychology, techniques, champions, world records and important games. McFarland & Company, amazon.com
^ William Chase, Herbert Simon (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pdf
^ A computer program to identify beauty in problems and studies, ChessBase News, December 15, 2012
^ Cognitive network - Wikipedia
^ Default mode network - Wikipedia
^ Large-scale brain network theory - Wikipedia
^ Cortical column - Hubel and Wiesel studies - Wikipedia

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Adriaan de Groot	Oct 6, 2014
Advances in Computer Chess 6	Dec 17, 2016
Alexandre Linhares	Nov 10, 2012
Ami Hauptman	Jul 25, 2013
Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas	Nov 7, 2012
Artificial Intelligence	Apr 9, 2018
Bill Jordan	Feb 23, 2017
Byoung-Tak Zhang	Jul 4, 2016
Chess	Jan 21, 2018
ChessMind	Sep 20, 2016
CHREST	May 6, 2016
Christopher Chabris	Aug 15, 2015
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Colin Jenkins	Nov 24, 2017
Computers, Chess, and Cognition	Dec 28, 2016
David J. Stracuzzi	Mar 28, 2015
Diego Rasskin-Gutman	Jan 19, 2014
Dietmar Lippold	Mar 22, 2014
EPAM	Jul 15, 2017
Eric Postma	May 26, 2015
Eyal Reingold	Nov 3, 2012
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
Franz-Günter Winkler	Mar 27, 2013
Fred Popowich	Jul 25, 2017
Guillermo Campitelli	Jul 1, 2014
Hartmut Tanke	Sep 7, 2014
Herbert Simon	Feb 11, 2016
Huafu Chen	Aug 24, 2014
Igor Kononenko	May 23, 2016
Jean Retschitzki	Jul 1, 2014
Judea Pearl	Jan 18, 2018
Judith Spencer Olson	Sep 24, 2014
Kevin J. Gilmartin	Jan 1, 2016
Knowledge	Jul 22, 2017
Learning	Feb 20, 2018
Manuela Veloso	Aug 5, 2015
MAPP	Jan 30, 2016
Marco Wiering	Aug 4, 2015
Marvin Minsky	Jan 29, 2016
Matjaž Gams	May 23, 2016
Max Euwe	Oct 10, 2015
Memory	Dec 8, 2017
Merim Bilalić	Oct 2, 2014
Michael Barenfeld	Oct 2, 2014
Michael Thielscher	May 21, 2015
Morph	Dec 7, 2017
Neil Charness	Oct 2, 2014
Neural Networks	Mar 12, 2018
Oleg K. Tichomirov	Oct 2, 2014
Pattern Recognition	Sep 8, 2017
Paul S. Rosenbloom	Jun 13, 2017
Paulo Brum	Nov 7, 2012
Perceiver	Nov 21, 2017
Pertti Saariluoma	Jun 13, 2017
Peter Dayan	Feb 10, 2018
Peter Lane	Jan 1, 2016
Peter McLeod	Nov 4, 2012
Peter Tancig	Nov 7, 2012
Peter W. Frey	Dec 25, 2017
Philippe Chassy	May 11, 2017
Planning	Feb 12, 2018
Playing Strength	Mar 31, 2018
Psychology	Sep 20, 2016
Qiyong Gong	Aug 24, 2014
Reijer Grimbergen	Jan 4, 2017
Robert I. Reynolds	Jul 15, 2013
Ruben Carlo Benante	Jul 18, 2015
Ruslan Hajiev	Oct 2, 2014
Russell M. Church	Nov 7, 2012
Santos Gerardo Lazzeri	Mar 19, 2016
Sarah E. Goldin	Nov 6, 2012
Shogi	Feb 19, 2018
Simona Tancig	Nov 7, 2012
Stavros Vassos	May 25, 2015
Stephan Schiffel	Jul 8, 2016
Tactics	Jan 12, 2018
Takeshi Ito	Jan 6, 2017
Tei Laine	Jun 13, 2017
Terrence J. Sejnowski	Jan 24, 2017
Timothy Lillicrap	Dec 9, 2017
Walter R. Reitman	Sep 24, 2014
WCCC 1986	Jul 27, 2017
Wei Liao	Aug 24, 2014
William Chase	Jan 21, 2016
Workshop Chess and Mathematics	Mar 5, 2015
Đorđe Vidanović	Feb 20, 2017

Up one Level

Eliot Hearst

GerdIsenberg — Wed, 07 Nov 2012 19:16:18 GMT

Home * People * Eliot Hearst

Rosenwald Tournament 1956

Photos

Columbia College Chess Team

Marshall Chess Club

Blindfold Chess

Selected Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

Eliot Sanford Hearst, (July 7, 1932)
an American psychologist with a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1956 under William N. Schoenfeld, distinguished professor of psychology at Indiana University, Columbia University, and the University of Arizona, chess player and USCF Master, and in the 60s chess columnist at Chess Life. Eliot Hearst won the New York State Championship in 1950 and went on to become one of the best chessplayers in the USA in the 50s, and was participant in the US Championship tournaments in 1954 and 1961 ^[1]. His 1977 contribution Man and machine: Chess achievements and chess thinking in Peter W. Frey's Chess Skill in Man and Machine ^[2] evaluates the status of computer chess at that time from the perspective of someone very knowledgeable with the game ^[3].

Rosenwald Tournament 1956

Eliot Hearst holds the distinction of defeating Bobby Fischer in the final round of the October 1956 Rosenwald Tournament ^[4], just three rounds after Fischer had played his "Game of the Century" against Donald Byrne ^[5]:

[Event "Rosenwald Tournament"]
[Site "New York"]
[Date "1956.10.24"]
[Round "11"]
[White "Robert James Fischer"]
[Black "Eliot Sanford Hearst"]
[Result "0-1"]
 
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Bc5 4.O-O Nd4 5.Nxd4 Bxd4 6.c3 Bb6 7.d4 c6 
8.Ba4 d6 9.Na3 Nf6 10.Re1 Qe7 11.Bg5 h6 12.Bh4 g5 13.Bg3 h5 14.f3 h4 
15.Bf2 g4 16.Nc4 g3 17.hxg3 hxg3 18.Bxg3 Nh5 19.Bh2 Bc7 20.Ne3 Qh4 
21.Qd2 Bd7 22.Bb3 Rh7 23.Qf2 Qg5 24.Rad1 Nf4 25.Bxf4 exf4 26.Nf5 O-O-O
27.Kf1 Rh2 28.Bxf7 d5 29.Rd2 Rf8 30.Qg1 Rh7 31.exd5 Rhxf7 32.dxc6 Bxc6 
33.d5 Bb5+ 34.Ree2 Rxf5 35.Qxa7 Rxd5 36.c4 Bxc4 37.Qa8+ Bb8 38.Rc2 Rc5 
39.Ke1 Bxe2 40.Qa5 Qg3+ 0-1

Photos

Columbia College Chess Team

The Columbia College chess team of 1949–1952 after a radio match with Yale.
Right to left: James Sherwin, Eliot Hearst, Carl Burger, Francis Mechner ^[6]

Marshall Chess Club

Bobby Fischer and Eliot Hearst, a casual game in August 1962 at the Marshall Chess Club ^[7]

Blindfold Chess

Hearst's and John Knott's book on Blindfold chess ^[8] ^[9] was the winner of the Fred Cramer Award for the Best Chess Book of 2009 ^[10], sponsored by the U.S. Chess Federation, the Chess Journalists of America ^[11], and the U.S. Chess Trust ^[12]. A review was published by Hearst's fellow and former Columbia College chess team member Francis Mechner in 2010 ^[13]. The blindfold champions quoted by Hearst and Knott describe what they do in these terms:

no mental pictures
abstract knowledge
I know where the pieces are
only an abstract type of representation
only relationships
no real picture
the significance of a piece
knowing what combination or plan is in progress
lines of force
pieces are only friend or foe, carriers of particular actions
sort of formless visions of the positions

Selected Publications

Eliot Hearst (1962). A Gentle Glossary. Chess Life ^[14] ^[15]
Eliot Hearst (1977). Man and Machine: Chess Achievements and Chess Thinking. Chess Skill in Man and Machine
Eliot Hearst (ed.) (1979). The First century of experimental psychology. L. Erlbaum Associates, amazon.com
Eliot Hearst (1997). William Nathan Schoenfeld (1915–1996): Innovative Scientist, Inspiring Teacher, Relentless Questioner, Complicated Man. Journal of the Experimental Analysis and Behavior, Vol. 67, No. 1, pdf ^[16]
Christopher Chabris, Eliot Hearst (2003). Mentalizing, Pattern Recognition and Forward Search: Effects of Playing Speed and Sight of the Position on Grandmaster Chess Errors. Cognitive Science, Vol. 27, pp. 637–648.
Eliot Hearst, John Knott (2008). Blindfold Chess: history, psychology, techniques, champions, world records and important games. McFarland & Company, amazon.com ^[17]

External Links

References

^ Mysterious Nailbiting - Part 2, Chess.com
^ Eliot Hearst (1977). Man and Machine: Chess Achievements and Chess Thinking. Chess Skill in Man and Machine
^ Chess Skill in Man and Machine (Paperback) from amazon.com
^ Third Rosenwald 1956 - Nailbiting!, Chess.com
^ Robert James Fischer vs Eliot Sanford Hearst (1956) from chessgames.com
^ Image from Francis Mechner (2010). Chess as a behavioral model for cognitive skill research: Review of Blindfold Chess by Eliot Hearst and John Knott. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 373-386, pdf, (Courtesy of the Columbia University Archives)
^ Hearst vs. Bobby Fischer by Andrew Hearst, son of Eliot Hearst
^ Eliot Hearst, John Knott (2008). Blindfold Chess: history, psychology, techniques, champions, world records and important games. McFarland & Company
^ Blindfold Chess: History, Psychology, Techniques, Champions, World Records, and Important Games
^ Award Winning Chess Books
^ CJA -- Chess Journalists of America
^ U.S. Chess Trust
^ Francis Mechner (2010). Chess as a behavioral model for cognitive skill research: Review of Blindfold Chess by Eliot Hearst and John Knott. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 373-386, pdf
^ A Chess Glossary
^ Alexandra Kosteniuk's Chess Blog | Funny chess definitions for a chess Wednesday!
^ William N. Schoenfeld from Wikipedia
^ Blindfold Chess: History, Psychology, Techniques, Champions, World Records, and Important Games

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Charles Kalme	Oct 20, 2013
Chess Skill in Man and Machine	Nov 12, 2014
Christopher Chabris	Aug 15, 2015
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Columbia University	Oct 13, 2016
Eliot Hearst	Nov 7, 2012
Pattern Recognition	Sep 8, 2017
People	Feb 28, 2018

Up one level

Eyal Reingold

GerdIsenberg — Sat, 03 Nov 2012 19:16:09 GMT

Home * People * Eyal Reingold

		Eyal M. Reingold, an Israeli-Canadian psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga. He received his B.A. in psychology and philosophy from Tel Aviv University in 1985, and his Ph. D. in cognitive psychology from the University of Waterloo in 1990. His research interests include unconscious perception, memory, learning, and eye movements and attention on visual search tasks, to study expertise in reading and chess, to study memory encoding and retrieval, and the saccadic system with special interest in the saccadic inhibition phenomenon.
Eyal Reingold ^[1]

See also

Selected Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

Selected Publications

^[2]

Neil Charness, Eyal Reingold, et al. (2001). The perceptual aspect of skilled performance in chess: Evidence from eye movements. Memory & Cognition, Vol. 29, 1146-1152, pdf
Eyal Reingold, Neil Charness, Richard S. Schultetus, et al. (2001). Perceptual automaticity in expert chess players: Parallel encoding of chess relations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, 504-510, pdf
Eyal Reingold, Neil Charness (2005). Perception in chess: Evidence from eye movements. Cognitive processes in eye guidance. Oxford University Press, pdf
Neil Charness, Eyal Reingold, et al. (2005). The Role of Deliberate Practice in Chess Expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 19, 151-165, pdf

External Links

Eyal Reingold | Department of Psychology
Eyal Reingold - homepage
Reingold Lab Photos, October 2008

References

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Eyal Reingold	Nov 3, 2012
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Neil Charness	Oct 2, 2014
People	Feb 28, 2018
University of Toronto	Dec 8, 2017
University of Waterloo	Jan 29, 2018

Up one level

Herbert Simon

GerdIsenberg — Thu, 11 Feb 2016 10:07:43 GMT

Home * People * Herbert Simon

		Herbert Alexander Simon, (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American scientist and artificial intelligence pioneer, economist, psychologist, and professor, most notably, at Carnegie Mellon University, which became an important center of AI and computer chess, associated with names like Hans Berliner, Carl Ebeling, Feng-hsiung Hsu, Murray Campbell and the computers HiTech and Deep Thought. Herbert Simon received many top-level honors, most notably the Turing Award (with Allen Newell) (1975) for his AI-contributions ^[1] and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations (1978) ^[2].
Herbert A. Simon ^[3]

Selected Publications

Photos



Herbert Simon and Allen Newell, 1958 ^[4]

Herbert Simon ^[5]

NSS

In the late 50s, Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon developed the chess program NSS. It was written in a high-level language. With Allen Newell, Herbert Simon was inventor of the alpha-beta algorithm - which was independently invented by John McCarthy, Arthur Samuel and Alexander Brudno. In 1957 Herbert Simon said that within 10 years, a digital computer would be the world's chess champion ^[6].

Quotes

John McCarthy

Quote by John McCarthy from Human-Level AI is harder than it seemed in 1955 ^[7]:

Chess programs catch some of the human chess playing abilities but rely on the limited effective branching of the chess move tree. The ideas that work for chess are inadequate for go. Alpha-beta pruning characterizes human play, but it wasn't noticed by early chess programmers - Turing, Shannon, Pasta and Ulam, and Bernstein. We humans are not very good at identifying the heuristics we ourselves use. Approximations to alpha-beta used by Samuel, Newell and Simon, McCarthy. Proved equivalent to minimax by Hart and Levin, independently by Brudno. Knuth gives details.

Hans Berliner

Hans Berliner in A Life's Appraisal ^[8] :

Herbert Simon thought of himself as a Renaissance man. He was involved in many enterprises, and had a knack for appearing at or near the top in most of them. In 1978, he received a Nobel Prize in economics for nearly forgotten work he had done decades before, and he slept in unheated barracks in China and learned to read Chinese in order to acquaint himself with the Mainland way of doing things while offering what he could.

His detractors would say he dabbled a great deal, could always be counted on to be there at the finish line, could provide a reprint of any of the thousands of papers he had ever written at a moment's notice, and was arrogant in a very refined kind of way.

For me, Herb Simon was the guy who in 1956 at his inaugural address as President of the Operations Research Society of America predicted that within 10 years a computer would be World Chess Champion unless it were barred from the competition. I had seen the articles on the Rand Corp. chess program authored by Newell, Simon, and Shaw that this prediction was based upon, and I laughed, because I knew too much about chess, and did not see anything resembling the kind of play that was required to even play at the Master level. Here again was a situation typical of Herb's career. Many looked in wonder, and many looked with disdain. To make such a prediction was not a very scientific thing to do. The program had never played a tournament game. Even when playing against people who were touted as being champions of something-or-another it showed rather serious weaknesses. But Herb always liked being there first.

In later years when I discussed this prediction with him (he vehemently rooted for computers ever after, even if, as DEEP BLUE, they did not play chess in the style of Cognitive Psychology), he always said that it was important for science to make such predictions as they galvanized the field toward certain important goals. And he would point out DaVinci's drawings of man flight, and other things. To him it was important to push the ball along, and just how scientific it was, could be left for future appraisals. Yet Herb was one of the first members of the National Academy of Science to come from the ranks of the soft sciences rather than from Engineering, Physics and Chemistry. As such he opened the door for things that this nation (US) sorely needed to examine.

I first met Herb at a meeting in 1967, where he was an invited speaker. I chatted with him after his presentation, and was surprised to find that he knew who I was. I indicated that after the formidable work of Greenblatt, I had been encouraged to try to write a chess program on my own time at IBM, where I was then employed. He was very interested, and when I mentioned that I did not intend to stay at IBM too much longer, he was quick to suggest that I should visit Carnegie-Mellon University and see what they had to offer there. In due course I did visit, and in 1969 entered there as a first-year graduate student in Computer Science. He was on my committee when I did my thesis which demonstrated how a computer could do very complicated analytical things in the Human Style. But typical of Herb, he was not involved in the nuts and bolts, and the main credit for my guidance must be given to Allen Newell.

While a graduate student at CMU, I had ample opportunity of interact with Herb and Bill Chase who was a Post-Doc and later a professor in the Psychology Department there. It was there that I got involved in the Human Perception of chess which built on the work of the Russians in the 1930s and of De Groot in the 1940s. I was very impressed by the machinery that clearly existed in the human head and made it possible to remember positions almost perfectly even after having seen them for only 2 seconds. What was even more interesting, was that errors in reconstructing the position had a definite pattern to them. For instance, a Bishop may be misplaced in the reconstruction, but it would still be on the critical diagonal, and thus retain its function on that diagonal whatever the function was. This insight has been incredibly important in my career, and is seen clearly in the program CAPS, in my book The System, and in other writings presently under way.

Herb was excellent in pointing these things out and in developing the interpretation that allowed further progress into insights of what our brain machine was really doing. For me, it was very exciting to watch and wonder. Of course, what was missing at that time was a method of emulating human learning without which we would be faced with infinite twiddling of data by a human being who could just not grasp the complexity of all he was twiddling. Thus, until neural net learning came along, there was really no hope of building a program that could play in the human style. Yet, without people such as Herb, it is likely that no one would have tried. Now, with the success of the brute force method, it is doubtful anyone will ever try it. The fact that neural nets can be the difference is documented by the success of Tesauro's backgammon program that learned strategies that almost no one new, and became a top player by playing millions of games against itself. To do that in chess would have been much harder, but humans were doing it.

Herb Simon's role in all this is not at all clear. He was always there to discuss things with genuine interest, and had an amazing repetoire of facts that could be pertinent of the situation. One would come away from such a session with months of research leads to chase down. Not too many people could have done that. I will miss you, Herb.

George W. Baylor

George W. Baylor's Remembrance on Herbert A. Simon ^[9] :

Herb Simon has been such a towering influence and determining force in my life that it is hard to imagine what my life would have been like without him. It was in 1959-60, as a sophomore at Carnegie Institute of Technology, that I first met "Dr. Simon." I mainly played chess, but he and Allen Newell, were programming computers to play chess. I believe we played some games together and I beat him. He said that my "program" was better than his. Then he hired me as a summer research assistant to work on chess machines! A year or two later he sent me to Amsterdam to help translate Adriaan de Groot's book on the thought processes of the chess player. When I returned, he directed my master's thesis on a mating combinations program, which he had already begun with his son, Pete. Like a clever father, he subtly transformed me from an aspiring chess professional - though, more likely, impoverished chess bum - into a cognitive psychologist. He also directed my doctoral dissertation, a computer simulation of some visual mental imagery tasks, though I knew he would have preferred me to continue working on chess. He was stuck with his prediction that a computer would beat the world chess champion within ten years - it took 40. But sons must differentiate themselves from their fathers, mustn't they?

By then it was 1967-68 and the war in Vietnam was still raging. I went to Canada. Though Simon's views on the war were much less clear-cut than my own, he supported me. He even said that I could defend my thesis by teleconference. Though that proved unnecessary, you can imagine how much that meant to me. We continued to correspond and occasionally saw each other, but our lives diverged, as lives do.

Thirty years later, in 1997-98, I returned to Carnegie-Mellon University to do a sabbatical with Herb. It was as though I was his graduate student all over again: I presented my research problems and he helped me solve them; he presented his research and I struggled to understand it. I never really overcame my fear of his staggering intellect, but it mattered less because the love between us was so palpable. This was also the time when he had his major heart operation, and I felt privileged to be near him and Dorothea. He told me a dream he had while in the hospital, and I was thrilled to be able to offer an interpretation - my turn to give. I am so grateful for those months in Pittsburgh. Thank you, Herb. I am so grateful for the decade at C. I. T.: Thank you, Dr. Simon. It is hard to imagine a world without you. May you rest in peace.

Fernand Gobet

Fernand Gobet's Remembrance on Herbert A. Simon ^[10] :

"What new data do we have about chess today?" Herb would often ask at the beginning of our almost weekly meetings, which lasted from 1990 to 1995. He was immensely curious to learn about new phenomena, and had an obvious pleasure to analyse data, always looking for hidden patterns and better representations; as many of us have learned, Herb was outstanding at making sense out of complex data sets.

Herb’s curiosity was always present in our meetings, well beyond scientific data. For example, he had a passion for learning and improving his knowledge of foreign languages (he had translated scientific work from Russian and Dutch, and probably from other languages as well). When he volunteered to read the draft of my thesis in French, I expressed my worries about the time it would take. He reassured me: "Your French is much easier to read than Proust’s."

Herb was also very generous with his students and colleagues. When some arcane immigration regulation allowed me to be employed by Carnegie Mellon University, but not to be paid, Herb did not hesitate to support me financially for a couple of months.

Meetings with him were alternatively dense and relaxed, focused and wide-ranging. His informal style made you sometimes forget that you were talking to one of the greatest scholars and one of the last true humanists of the 20th century. While open to new ideas, he also had little patience for bad ideas. However, even then, he managed to refute them in a way that didn’t make you feel too bad.

He was exigent and expected his collaborators to share his passion for work. But of course, the results were highly rewarding. In a very elegant and efficient way, he taught many of us much about science, and mainly that scientific research can be an exciting voyage of discovery.

Chess Projects

Autobiography

Herbert A. Simon (1991). Models of my Life. Basic Books, New York, N.Y.
A Remarkable Autobiography of the Nobel Prize Winning Social Scientist and Father of Artificial Intelligence.

Selected Publications

^[11] ^[12] ^[13] ^[14] ^[15]

1956 ...

Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (1956). The logic theory machine-A complex information processing system. IRE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 2, No. 3
Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon (1958). Chess Playing Programs and the Problem of Complexity. IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 320-335. Reprinted (1963) in Computers and Thought (eds. Edward Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman), pp. 39-70. McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y. pdf
Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon (1959). Report on a general problem-solving program. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Processing, pp. 256-264 ^[16]

1960 ...

^[17]

Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (1961). Performance of a Reading Task by an Elementary Perceiving and Memorizing Program. RAND Paper, pdf
Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (1961). Forgetting in an association memory. ACM '61, pdf
Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (1962). A Theory of the Serial Position Effect. British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 53, 307-32, pdf
Herbert A. Simon, Peter A. Simon (1962). Trial and Error Search in Solving Difficult Problems: Evidence from the Game of Chess. Behavioral Science, Vol. 7, No. 4
Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (1963). Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer: Review of Experiments. in Symposium on Simulation Models
Herbert Simon, Edward Feigenbaum (1964). An Information-processing Theory of Some Effects of Similarity, Familiarization, and Meaningfulness in Verbal Learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, Vol. 3, No. 5, pdf
Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (1965). An Example of Human Chess Play in Light of Chess Playing Programs. In Norbert Wiener, J. P. Schadé (eds.) Progress in Biocybernetics. Vol. 2, Elsevier
George W. Baylor, Herbert A. Simon (1966). A chess mating combinations program. AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences, reprinted in Herbert A. Simon (1979). Models of Thought. Yale University Press, pp. 181-200, in David Levy (ed.) (1988). Computer Chess Compendium.
Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (1968). Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions. Carnegie Mellon University, Paper #127
Herbert Simon (1969). The Sciences of the Artificial. MIT Press, 1st Edition
Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (1969). Information Processing-Analysis of Perceptual Processes in Problem Solving. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5, reprinted in Herbert A. Simon (1979). Models of Thought. Yale University Press, pdf

1970 ...

^[18]

Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (1972). Human Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall
Herbert Simon, Laurent Siklóssy (eds.) (1972). Representation and Meaning: Experiments with Information Processing Systems. Prentice-Hall
Herbert Simon (1973). Lessons from Perception for Chess-Playing Programs (and Vice Versa). Computer Science Research Review 1972-73, pdf
William Chase, Herbert Simon (1973). The Mind’s Eye in Chess. Visual Information Processing: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Carnegie Psychology Symposium (ed. W. G. Chase), pp. 215-281. Academic Press, New York. Reprinted (1988) in Readings in Cognitive Science (ed. A.M. Collins). Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA.
William Chase, Herbert Simon (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pdf ^[19]
Herbert Simon, William Chase (1973). Skill in Chess. American Scientist, Vol. 61, No. 4, Reprinted (1988) in Computer Chess Compendium, pdf
Herbert Simon, Kevin J. Gilmartin (1973). A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, reprinted in Herbert Simon (1979). Models of Thought, Yale University Press, pdf
Herbert Simon (1974). How big is a chunk? Science, Vol. 183, pdf
Allen Newell, Herbert Simon (1976). Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 19, No. 3, ACM Turing Award Lecture, pdf from The Computer History Museum ^[20]
Herbert A. Simon (1979). Models of Thought. Yale University Press

1980 ...

^[21]

Herbert Simon (1980). Cognitive Science: The Newest Science of the Artificial. Cognitive Science, Vol. 4, No. 1
Herbert Simon (1981). Prometheus or Pandora: The Influence of Automation on Society. IEEE Computer, Vol. 14, No. 11
Herbert Simon (1983). Search and Reasoning in Problem Solving. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 21, Nos 1-2
Edward Feigenbaum, Herbert Simon (1984). EPAMlike models of recognition and learning. Cognitive Science, Vol. 8, 305-336, pdf
Herbert Simon (1985). Obituary: William G. Chase (1940–1983). American Psychologist, Vol. 40, No. 5 » William Chase
Herbert Simon (1986). Whether Software Engineering Needs to Be Artificially Intelligent. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 7
Herbert Simon (1988). Prospects for Cognitive Science. FGCS 1988

1990 ...

^[22]

Herbert Simon (1991). Artificial Intelligence: Where Has It Been, Where is it Going? IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2
Herbert A. Simon (1991). Models of my Life. Basic Books, New York, N.Y.
Herbert Simon, Jonathan Schaeffer (1992). The Game of Chess. in Handbook of Game Theory with Economic applications (eds. Robert J. Aumann and Sergiu Hart). North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ISBN-13: 978-0-444-88098-7, ps
Herbert Simon (1995). Explaining the Ineffable: AI on the Topics of Intuition, Insight and Inspiration. IJCAI 1995, pdf
Herbert Simon (1995). Artificial Intelligence: An Empirical Science. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 77, No. 1
Howard B. Richman, James J. Staszewski, Herbert Simon (1995). Simulation of Expert Memory with EPAM IV. Psychological Review, Vol. 102
Howard B. Richman, Fernand Gobet, James J. Staszewski, Herbert Simon (1995). Perceptual and Memory Processes in the Acquisition of Expert Performance: The EPAM Model. Complex Information Processing, Working Paper #528
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1996). Templates in Chess Memory: A Mechanism for Recalling Several Boards. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 31, pp. 1-40.
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1996). Recall of random and distorted positions: Implications for the theory of expertise. Memory & Cognition, 24, 493-503.
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1996). Recall of rapidly presented random chess positions is a function of skill. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 159-163, word reprint
Herbert Simon (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial. MIT Press, 3rd Edition 1996, amazon
Fernand Gobet, Howard B. Richman, James J. Staszewski, Herbert Simon (1997). Goals, Representations, and Strategies in a Concept Attainment Task: The EPAM model. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 37, pdf
Yasser Seirawan, Herbert Simon, Toshinori Munakata (1997). The Implications of Kasparov vs. Deep Blue. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 8, pdf hosted from The Computer History Museum
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1998). Expert chess memory: Revisiting the chunking hypothesis. Memory, 6, 225-255
Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (1998). Pattern recognition makes search possible: Comments on Holding (1992). Psychological Research, Vol. 61, pdf ^[23]

2000 ...

^[24]

Fernand Gobet, Herbert Simon (2000). Five Seconds or Sixty? Presentation Time in Expert Memory. Cognitive Science, Vol. 24, No. 4
Hans Berliner (2001). HERBERT A. SIMON (1916-2001): A LIFE'S APPRAISAL, ICCA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1
Fernand Gobet (2001). HERBERT A. SIMON (1916 - 2001): THE SCIENTIST OF THE ARTIFICIAL. ICCA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1

External Links

References

^ Herbert A. Simon - A.M. Turing Award Winner
^ Herbert A. Simon - Biographical
^ Herbert Simon Collection - Contents [Carnegie Mellon Libraries]
^ Aritificial Intelligence pioneers Allen Newell (right) and Herbert Simon 1958 Courtesy of Carnegie Mellon University, The Computer History Museum
^ Herbert Simon 1958 ca. Courtesy of Carnegie Mellon University, The Computer History Museum
^ Computer Chess History by Bill Wall
^ John McCarthy Human-Level AI is harder than it seemed in 1955
^ Hans Berliner (2001). HERBERT A. SIMON (1916-2001): A LIFE'S APPRAISAL, ICCA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1
^ All Remembrance of Herbert A. Simon
^ All Remembrance of Herbert A. Simon
^ ICGA Reference Database (pdf)
^ dblp: Herbert A. Simon
^ Herbert Simon - Google Scholar Citations
^ Bibliography of Herbert A. Simon -- 1930-1950's
^ dblp: Herbert A. Simon
^ General Problem Solver from Wikipedia
^ Bibliography of Herbert A. Simon - 1960's
^ Bibliography of Herbert A. Simon - 1970's
^ The Human Intuition Project: Chase and Simon (1973) Perception in chess, Cognitive Psychology 4:55-81. A scientific blunder by Alexandre Linhares, October 01, 2007
^ Physical symbol system from Wikipedia
^ Bibliography of Herbert A. Simon - 1980's
^ Bibliography of Herbert A. Simon - 1990's
^ Dennis H. Holding (1992). Theories of Chess Skill. Psychological Research, Vol. 54, No. 1
^ Bibliography of Herbert A. Simon - 2000-

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
ACM	May 7, 2017
Adriaan de Groot	Oct 6, 2014
Alan Turing	Feb 8, 2017
Alexandre Linhares	Nov 10, 2012
Allen Newell	Jun 12, 2017
Alpha-Beta	Jan 28, 2018
Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas	Nov 7, 2012
Arthur Samuel	May 29, 2016
Artificial Intelligence	Apr 9, 2018
Carnegie Mellon University	Feb 12, 2018
Checkmate	Apr 13, 2018
Chess	Jan 21, 2018
CHREST	May 6, 2016
Christopher Strachey	May 8, 2017
Chump	Jan 31, 2016
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cliff Shaw	Apr 4, 2014
CMU Chess Program	Oct 6, 2014
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Coko	Jul 13, 2015
Computer Chess Compendium	Dec 29, 2015
Deep Blue	Aug 1, 2017
Dietrich Prinz	Oct 14, 2016
Edward Feigenbaum	Jan 3, 2016
EPAM	Jul 15, 2017
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
Games	Feb 20, 2018
George Baylor	Sep 22, 2014
Herbert Simon	Feb 11, 2016
History	Jan 2, 2018
J. Biit	Jan 17, 2017
John Gaschnig	Sep 5, 2012
John McCarthy	Jan 5, 2017
John von Neumann	May 8, 2017
Jonathan Schaeffer	Jan 29, 2018
Joseph S. Rubenfeld	Oct 6, 2014
Judith Spencer Olson	Sep 24, 2014
Kasparov versus Deep Blue 1997	Aug 1, 2017
Kasparov versus Deep Thought 1989	Mar 26, 2017
Kevin J. Gilmartin	Jan 1, 2016
L. Stephen Coles	Jan 5, 2017
Learning	Feb 20, 2018
Mac Hack	Apr 20, 2018
MANIAC I	Nov 17, 2016
Manuela Veloso	Aug 5, 2015
MAPP	Jan 30, 2016
Mate Search	Oct 22, 2016
Mater	Apr 26, 2016
Mathematician	Apr 9, 2018
Max Bramer	May 20, 2014
Memory	Dec 8, 2017
Michael Barenfeld	Oct 2, 2014
Neil Charness	Oct 2, 2014
NSS	Jul 14, 2015
Null Move Pruning	Dec 2, 2017
Oleg K. Tichomirov	Oct 2, 2014
Pattern Recognition	Sep 8, 2017
Paul Rushton	Jan 12, 2015
People	Feb 28, 2018
Perceiver	Nov 21, 2017
Pertti Saariluoma	Jun 13, 2017
Peter Jansen	Jan 31, 2016
Quote McCarthy	Sep 10, 2013
Simona Tancig	Nov 7, 2012
Susan L. Epstein	Dec 17, 2016
Toshinori Munakata	Feb 12, 2016
Trial and Error	Feb 11, 2018
Walter R. Reitman	Sep 24, 2014
William Chase	Jan 21, 2016
Workshop Chess and Mathematics	Mar 5, 2015

Up one level

Ivan Bratko

GerdIsenberg — Wed, 16 Aug 2017 18:30:37 GMT

Home * People * Ivan Bratko

		Ivan Bratko, a Slovenian computer scientist and researcher in artificial intelligence and computer chess, Professor at the Faculty of Computer and Information Science University of Ljubljana. In 1982, at the University of Edinburgh, Ivan Bratko and Danny Kopec designed the Bratko-Kopec Test ^[1]^[2]
Ivan Bratko ^[3]

Selected Publications

Quotes

Research Interests

Quote from Ivan Bratko's Homepage ^[4]:

Professor Bratko has conducted research in machine learning, knowledge-based systems, qualitative modeling, intelligent robotics, heuristic programming and computer chess. His main interests in machine learning have been in learning from noisy data, combining learning and qualitative reasoning, constructive induction, Inductive Logic Programming and various applications of machine learning, including medicine and control of dynamic systems.

Chess Endgames

Quote by Maarten van Emden in I remember Donald Michie ^[5]:

In 1980 I spent another summer in Edinburgh as a guest of Donald Michie. Since the low point of 1975, thanks to assiduous and inventive joint pursuit of funding possibilities by Donald and Jean, the Machine Intelligence Research Unit was alive with work focused on chess endgames. There were students, including Tim Niblett and Alen Shapiro. Danny Kopec was there, perhaps formally as a student, but de facto as the resident chess consultant. Ivan Bratko visited frequently. Alen was the administrator of the dream computing environment of that time: a small PDP-11 running Unix.

CLESS

In 1979/80, as visiting researcher at University of Edinburgh, Ivan Bratko worked with Zdenek Zdrahal and Alen Shapiro on Pattern Recognition applied to Chess. In fact they used Bitboards, called cellular 8x8 arrays, to implement their Cellular logic processing emulator for chess (CLESS) ^[6] . CLESS used three kinds of instructions to recognize simple and more complex chess patterns:

bitwise boolean operations without any interactions between squares
shifts as expand instructions
fill-like propagation instructions, internally using the first two kinds of instructions and conditions in loops

Selected Publications

^[7] ^[8]

1978 ...

Ivan Bratko (1978). Proving Correctness of Strategies in the AL1 Assertional Language. Information Processing Letters, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 223-230. ^[9]
Ivan Bratko, Danny Kopec, Donald Michie (1978). Pattern-Based Representation of Chess Endgame Knowledge. The Computer Journal, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 149-153. pdf
Donald Michie, Ivan Bratko (1978). Advice Table Representations of Chess End-Game Knowledge. Proceedings 3rd AISB/GI Conference, pp. 194-200.
Ivan Bratko (1979). Implementing Search Heuristics using the AL1 Advice-Taking System. Proc. Sixth Int. Joint Conf. on Art. Intell., pp. 95-97. ^[10]
Ivan Bratko, Tim Niblett (1979). Conjectures and Refutations in a Framework for Chess Endgames. in Expert Systems in the Micro-Electronic Age (Donald Michie, ed.), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

1980 ...

Ivan Bratko, Donald Michie (1980). An Advice Program For a Complex Chess Programming Task. Computer Journal, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 350-353.
Ivan Bratko, Donald Michie (1980). A Representation of Pattern-Knowledge in Chess Endgames. Advances in Computer Chess 2
Zdenek Zdráhal, Ivan Bratko, Alen Shapiro (1981). Recognition of Complex Patterns Using Cellular Arrays. The Computer Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 263-270
Ivan Bratko (1982). Knowledge-Based Problem-Solving in AL3. Machine Intelligence 10 (eds. Jean Hayes Michie, Donald Michie and Y.H. Pao), pp. 73-100. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, UK. ISBN 0-85312-431-0.
Ivan Bratko, Matjaž Gams (1982). Error Analysis of the Minimax Principle. Advances in Computer Chess 3
Ivan Bratko, Danny Kopec (1982). A Test for Comparison of Human and Computer Performance in Chess. Advances in Computer Chess 3
Danny Kopec, Ivan Bratko (1982). The Bratko-Kopec experiment: a comparison of human and computer performance in chess. Advances in Computer Chess 3
Danny Kopec, Enrique Irazoqui, Ivan Bratko (1983). The Updated Bratko-Kopec Test. Computer Chess Digest Annual pp. 45-63
Ivan Bratko (1984). Advice and Planning in Chess Endgames. Artificial and Human Thinking (eds. S. Amarel, A. Elithorn and R. Banerji). North-Holland.
Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig, Simona Tancig (1984). Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess. ICCA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2 (abridged version)
Ivan Bratko, Peter Tancig, Simona Tancig (1984,1986). Detection of Positional Patterns in Chess. Advances in Computer Chess 4 (full paper)
Ivan Bratko (1985). Symbolic Derivation of Chess Patterns. Progress in Artificial Intelligence (eds. L. Steels and J.A. Campbell), pp. 281-290. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, UK.
Ivan Bratko (1986, 1990). Game Playing. Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence. 2nd Edition 1990. Addison Wesley, Reading, MA. ISBN 0-201-41606-9..
Ivan Bratko, Igor Kononenko (1986). Learning Rules from Incomplete and Noisy Data. Proceedings Unicom Seminar on the Scope of Artificial Intelligence in Statistics. Technical Press
Donald Michie, Ivan Bratko (1987). Ideas on Knowledge Synthesis Stemming from the KBBKN Endgame. ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1
Donald Michie, Ivan Bratko (1987). Ideas on Knowledge Synthesis ..... a Correction. ICCA Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2
Tim Niblett, Ivan Bratko (1987). Learning decision rules in noisy domains, in Research and Development in Expert Systems III (Max Bramer, ed.), pp. 25-34, Cambridge University Press.

1990 ...

Donald Michie, Ivan Bratko (1991). Comments to `Chunking for Experience'. ICCA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1
Ryszard Michalski, Ivan Bratko, Miroslav Kubat (eds.) (1998). Machine Learning and Data Mining: Methods and Applications. John Wiley & Sons
Miroslav Kubat, Ivan Bratko, Ryszard Michalski (1998). A Review of Machine Learning Methods. pdf

2000 ...

Ivan Bratko (2001, 2010). Prolog programming for artificial intelligence. Harlow England, Addison Wesley
Mitja Luštrek, Matjaž Gams, Ivan Bratko (2003). A Program for Playing Tarok, ICGA Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3
Aleksander Sadikov, Ivan Bratko, Igor Kononenko (2003). Search versus Knowledge: An Empirical Study of Minimax on KRK. Advances in Computer Games 10, pdf

2005 ...

Mitja Luštrek, Matjaž Gams, Ivan Bratko (2005). Why Minimax Works: An Alternative Explanation. IJCAI 2005
Aleksander Sadikov, Ivan Bratko, Igor Kononenko (2005). Bias and pathology in minimax search. Theoretical Computer Science, Vol. 349, 2, pdf
Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2006). Computer Analysis of World Chess Champions. ICGA Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2, pdf ^[11]^[12]
Mitja Luštrek, Matjaž Gams, Ivan Bratko (2006). Is Real-Valued Minimax Pathological? Artificial Intelligence 170. pdf
Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2006). Computer Analysis of Chess Champions. CG 2006
Aleksander Sadikov, Martin Možina, Matej Guid, Jana Krivec, Ivan Bratko (2006). Automated Chess Tutor. CG 2006
Aleksander Sadikov, Ivan Bratko (2006). Search Versus Knowledge Revisited Again. CG 2006
Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2007). Factors affecting diminishing returns for searching deeper. CGW 2007 » Crafty, Rybka, Shredder, Diminishing Returns
Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2007). Factors affecting diminishing returns for searching deeper. ICGA Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2, pdf
Aleksander Sadikov, Ivan Bratko (2007). Solving 20x20 Puzzles. CGW 2007
Matej Guid, Aritz Pérez, Ivan Bratko (2007). How trustworthy is Crafty's analysis of world chess champions? CGW 2007 » Crafty
Matej Guid, Aritz Pérez, Ivan Bratko (2008). How trustworthy is Crafty's analysis of world chess champions? ICGA Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3, pdf
Matej Guid, Martin Možina, Jana Krivec, Aleksander Sadikov, Ivan Bratko (2008). Learning Positional Features for Annotating Chess Games: A Case Study. CG 2008, pdf
Martin Možina, Matej Guid, Jana Krivec, Aleksander Sadikov, Ivan Bratko (2008). Fighting Knowledge Acquisition Bottleneck with Argument Based Machine Learning. 18th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI 2008), Patras, Greece. pdf
Jana Krivec, Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2009). Identification and Characteristic Descriptions of Procedural Chunks. ComputationWorld conference: Cognitive 2009. pdf

2010 ...

Matej Guid, Martin Možina, Aleksander Sadikov, Ivan Bratko (2010). Deriving Concepts and Strategies from Chess Tablebases. Advances in Computer Games 12, pdf
Dana S. Nau, Mitja Luštrek, Austin Parker, Ivan Bratko, Matjaž Gams (2010). When is it better not to look ahead?. Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 174, No. 16–17, preprint as pdf
Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2011). Using Heuristic-Search Based Engines for Estimating Human Skill at Chess. ICGA Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2
Mitja Luštrek, Ivan Bratko, Matjaž Gams (2011). Independent-valued minimax : Pathological or beneficial? Theoretical Computer Science, Vol. 422, pdf
Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2012). Detecting Fortresses in Chess. Elektrotehniški vestnik, Vol. 79, Nos. 1-2, pdf » Rybka, Houdini ^[13]
Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2013). Search-Based Estimation of Problem Difficulty for Humans. AIED 2013, pdf
Matej Guid, Martin Možina, Ciril Bohak, Aleksander Sadikov, Ivan Bratko (2013). Building an Intelligent Tutoring System for Chess Endgames. CSEDU 2013

2015 ...

Matej Guid, Ivan Bratko (2017). Influence of Search Depth on Position Evaluation. Advances in Computer Games 15

External Links

Professor Ivan Bratko, PhD - FRI
Ivan Bratko's Homepage
Ivan Bratko from Wikipedia
The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Ivan Bratko
Handling noisy data, Videolecture
Evolutionary Portrait Art by Günter Bachelier: Ivan Bratko

References

^ The Kopec Chess Services
^ Sanny: Some test positions for you post in rec.games.chess.misc August 18, 2008
^ Ivan Bratko's Homepage
^ Ivan Bratko's Homepage
^ I remember Donald Michie (1923 – 2007) « A Programmers Place by Maarten van Emden, June 12, 2009
^ Zdenek Zdráhal, Ivan Bratko, Alen Shapiro (1981). Recognition of Complex Patterns Using Cellular Arrays. The Computer Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 263-270
^ ICGA Reference Database (pdf)
^ dblp: Ivan Bratko
^ Donald Michie (1976). AL1: a package for generating strategies from tables. ACM SIGART Bulletin, Issue 59
^ Donald Michie (1976). AL1: a package for generating strategies from tables. ACM SIGART Bulletin, Issue 59
^ Computers choose: who was the strongest player?, ChessBase News, October 30, 2006
^ Computer analysis of world champions by Søren Riis, ChessBase News, November 02, 2006
^ Re: Tony's positional test suite by Louis Zulli, CCC, August 01, 2017

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Advances in Computer Chess 2	Dec 25, 2017
Advances in Computer Chess 3	Jul 23, 2015
Advances in Computer Chess 4	Jan 22, 2018
Advances in Computer Games 10	Dec 30, 2016
Advances in Computer Games 12	Jan 5, 2017
Advances in Computer Games 15	Aug 12, 2017
Aleksander Sadikov	Jan 2, 2017
Alen Shapiro	May 3, 2015
Aritz Pérez	Jan 2, 2017
Artificial Intelligence	Apr 9, 2018
Austin Parker	Apr 25, 2017
Bad bishop	Jun 22, 2015
Bitboards	Nov 14, 2017
Bratko-Kopec Test	Jun 1, 2015
CG 2006	Dec 28, 2016
CG 2008	Jan 3, 2017
CGW 2007	Jan 2, 2017
Chess	Jan 21, 2018
ChessBase	Nov 25, 2017
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Computer Chess Reports	May 15, 2016
Crafty	Jan 28, 2018
Dana Nau	Apr 25, 2017
Danny Kopec	Oct 1, 2016
Depth	Feb 25, 2018
Donald Michie	Dec 23, 2017
Endgame	Sep 18, 2017
Endgame Tablebases	Mar 6, 2018
Enrique Irazoqui	Nov 22, 2014
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Fortress	Feb 1, 2018
Houdini	Apr 14, 2018
ICGA Journal	Dec 21, 2017
Igor Kononenko	May 23, 2016
Ivan Bratko	Aug 16, 2017
Jana Krivec	Jul 15, 2017
KBNK Endgame	Nov 26, 2016
Knowledge	Jul 22, 2017
KRK	Nov 26, 2016
Learning	Feb 20, 2018
Maarten van Emden	May 23, 2016
Martin Možina	Jun 11, 2016
Match Statistics	Mar 31, 2018
Matej Guid	Jan 6, 2018
Mathematician	Apr 9, 2018
Matjaž Gams	May 23, 2016
Michael Bain	Aug 8, 2013
Minimax	Dec 29, 2017
Miroslav Kubat	Jun 16, 2016
Mitja Luštrek	Jan 23, 2016
Pattern Recognition	Sep 8, 2017
People	Feb 28, 2018
Peter Tancig	Nov 7, 2012
Planning	Feb 12, 2018
Playing Strength	Mar 31, 2018
Ruslan Hajiev	Oct 2, 2014
Rybka	Mar 27, 2017
Ryszard Michalski	Jun 16, 2016
Score	Apr 14, 2018
Search Pathology	Nov 26, 2017
Shredder	Jan 21, 2018
Simona Tancig	Nov 7, 2012
Test-Positions	Feb 25, 2018
Tim Niblett	May 22, 2014
University of Edinburgh	Nov 26, 2017
University of Ljubljana	Aug 5, 2015
Zdenek Zdrahal	Apr 4, 2013

Up one level

Jean Retschitzki

GerdIsenberg — Tue, 01 Jul 2014 19:00:35 GMT

Home * People * Jean Retschitzki

		Jean Retschitzki, a Swiss psychologist and Professor Emeritus from University of Fribourg, Fribourg. His research interests include cognitive psychology, psychology of the child, and developmental psychology. Retschitzki researched expertise of Awari (Oware, Awélé) players in Ivory Coast in 1984, and organized Oware tournaments in Kpouébo. He tried to identify the processes that differentiate expert from non-expert players focusing on the decision-making processes when choosing the best move in a given situation ^[1] .
Jean Retschitzk ^[2]

See also

Selected Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

Selected Publications

^[3]

Jean Retschitzki (1989). Evidence of Formal Thinking in Baoule Awele Players. in Heterogenity in Cross-cultural Psychology. Swets Zeitlinger, Amsterdam
Jean Retschitzki (2000). Strategies of Expert Awele Players. International Colloquium "Board Games in Academia III". Florence
Jean Retschitzki, Rosita Haddad-Zubel (eds.) (2002). Step by step. Proceedings of the 4th colloquium Board games in academia. Edition Universitaires Fribourg Suisse. amazon.com
Fernand Gobet, Alex de Voogt, Jean Retschitzki (2004). Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games. ISBN 1-84169-336-7, amazon.com

External Links

References

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Alex de Voogt	Aug 9, 2014
Awari	Feb 14, 2017
Bao	Dec 23, 2016
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Don Beal	Jul 27, 2017
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
Games	Feb 20, 2018
Guillermo Campitelli	Jul 1, 2014
Jean Retschitzki	Jul 1, 2014
Jeroen Donkers	Dec 23, 2016
Jos Uiterwijk	Aug 11, 2017
People	Feb 28, 2018
Rosita Haddad-Zubel	Aug 7, 2013

Up one level

Judith Spencer Olson

GerdIsenberg — Wed, 24 Sep 2014 10:10:21 GMT

Home * People * Judith Spencer Olson

		Judith Spencer Olson, (Judith S. Reitman, since 1984 Judith S. (Reitman) Olson) an American psychologist and Professor Emerita, University of Michigan ^[1], Donald Bren Professor of Information and Computer Science, professor in the Paul Merage School of Business, and professor in the School of Social Ecology, University of California at Irvine. She holds a B.A. in psychology from Northwestern University, and a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from University of Michigan. Her research interests include human-computer interaction, computer-supported cooperative work, the design of information systems for virtual teams, and cognitive aspects of computing ^[2]. She is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery and with her husband and colleague, Gary Olson, holds the Lifetime Achievement award from the Special Interest Group in Computer Human Interaction ^[3] ^[4].
Judith S. Olson ^[5]

Chunking in Go

Selected Publications

Chunking in Go

In the 70s, Judith S. Reitman worked along with Walter R. Reitman, James Kerwin, Robert Nado, and Bruce Wilcox on goals and plans in a Go playing program, and further conducted cognitive experiments on the chunking hypothesis in Go ^[6]:

Experts appear able to handle much larger amounts of specialized information than nonexperts, and handle it without an apparent superior memory capacity. This finding, based on research on chess players with chess information, was replicated on Go players with Go information. Assuming this superiority occurs because the experts process chunks of information through their limited capacities rather than individual elements, the question then becomes one of defining what the chunks are and how they are related. To this end, the technique of partitioning recall and reproduction data into chunks on the basis of inter-response times (IRTs) (introduced in their work on chess by Chase and Simon, 1973 ^[7]) was applied to the reproduction and recall of Go patterns by a Go Master and a Go beginner. Unlike its application in chess, no single IRT was able to produce consistent, veridical chunks for either Go player. Subsequent analysis of the underlying assumptions of the technique showed it to be limited to only those patterns that can be partitioned into a linear set of chunks, not nested chunks, and to situations in which retrieval and overt recall of each chunk is completed before retrieval of the next chunk. In a supplementary task, the Master Go player indicated that the Go patterns were not seen as linear chunks nor as strictly nested hierarchies, but rather as overlapping clusters. IRTs were found to be correlated with this structure, but were not reliable enough to reflect its details.

Selected Publications

^[8] ^[9] ^[10]

1974 ...

Walter R. Reitman, James Kerwin, Robert Nado, Judith S. Reitman, Bruce Wilcox (1974). Goals and Plans in a Program for Playing Go. Proceedings of the 29th ACM Conference, reprinted in David Levy (ed.) (1988). Computer Games II. google books
Judith S. Reitman (1976). Mechanisms of Forgetting in Short-term Memory. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 2, No. 2
Judith S. Reitman (1976). Skilled Perception in Go: Deducing Memory Structures from Inter-Response Times. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 8, No, 3

1980 ...

Judith S. Reitman Olson, William B. Whitten II, Thomas M. Gruenenfelder (1984). A general User-Interface for Creating and Displaying Tree-structures, Hierarchies, Decision Trees, and Nested Menus. in Yannis Vassiliou (ed.) Human Factors and Interactive Computer Systems. Ablex Publishing

1990 ...

Judith S. Olson, Gary M. Olson, Lisbeth A. Mack, Pierre Wellner (1990). Concurrent Editing: The Group's Interface. INTERACT '90, Third IFIP Conference on Human Computer Interaction.
Susan E. McDaniel, Gary M. Olson, Judith S. Olson (1994). Methods in Search of Methodology - combining HCI and Object Orientation. CHI 1994, pdf ^[11] ^[12]

2000 ...

Judith S. Olson, Gary M. Olson (2000). Distance matters. Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 15, No. 2, pdf
Judith S. Olson, Gary M. Olson (2003). Culture Surprises in Remote Software Development Teams. ACM Queue, Vol. 1 No. 9
Judith S. Olson's contributions in Gary M. Olson, Ann Zimmerman, Nathan Bos (eds.) (2008). Scientific Collaboration on the Internet. The MIT Press

External LInks

References

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Bruce Wilcox	Sep 24, 2014
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Go	Jan 24, 2018
James Kerwin	Sep 24, 2014
Judith Spencer Olson	Sep 24, 2014
Memory	Dec 8, 2017
Northwestern University	Sep 5, 2017
People	Feb 28, 2018
Planning	Feb 12, 2018
Robert Nado	Sep 24, 2014
University of Michigan	Jul 19, 2016
User Interface	Feb 21, 2018
Walter R. Reitman	Sep 24, 2014

Up one level

Kevin J. Gilmartin

GerdIsenberg — Fri, 01 Jan 2016 10:47:52 GMT

Home * People * Kevin J. Gilmartin

See also

Selected Publications

References

What links here?

Kevin J. Gilmartin,
an American psychologist with a Ph.D. in 1974 from Carnegie Mellon University under thesis advisor Herbert Simon. Gilmartin and Simon extended Simon's and Barenfeld's program Perceiver, which was able to duplicate the eye movements of a chess expert by adhering to the simple relations of attack and defense ^[1] into a system called MAPP (Memory-aided Pattern Perceiver) which uses the learning mechanism of EPAM, and reinforced the chunking hypothesis by subjecting MAPP to the same board reconstruction experiment that the human players faced ^[2]. By determining the patterns present on the board, and restricted to the same short-term memory constraints as humans ^[3], MAPP was able to reconstruct positions with 73% accuracy ^[4] ^[5].

Selected Publications

^[6]

Herbert Simon, Kevin J. Gilmartin (1973). A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 29-46
Kevin J. Gilmartin (1979). Social indicators: an annotated bibliography of current literature. Garland reference library of social science

References

^ Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (1969). Information-processing analysis of perceptual processes in problem solving. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5
^ William Chase, Herbert Simon (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1
^ George Armitage Miller (1956). The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two. Psychological Review, Vol. 101, No. 2, pdf
^ Herbert Simon, Kevin J. Gilmartin (1973). A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 29-46. pdf
^ Michael George, Jonathan Schaeffer (1990). Chunking for Experience. ICCA Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3, pdf
^ ICGA Reference Database (pdf)

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Carnegie Mellon University	Feb 12, 2018
CHREST	May 6, 2016
Chump	Jan 31, 2016
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
EPAM	Jul 15, 2017
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Herbert Simon	Feb 11, 2016
Kevin J. Gilmartin	Jan 1, 2016
Learning	Feb 20, 2018
MAPP	Jan 30, 2016
Memory	Dec 8, 2017
Michael Barenfeld	Oct 2, 2014
People	Feb 28, 2018
Perceiver	Nov 21, 2017

Up one level

Merim Bilalić

GerdIsenberg — Thu, 02 Oct 2014 08:44:35 GMT

Home * People * Merim Bilalić

		Merim Bilalić, a Bosnian and Herzegovinian psychologist at the University Hospital of University of Tübingen, and FIDE Master in chess. He received his Ph.D. from the Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University in 2008 on the topic of Einstellung effect in Chess or why good thoughts block better ones, supervised by Peter McLeod and Fernand Gobet, and was awarded with the Science Prize of the Karpov Chess Academy Rhine-Neckar for his thesis ^[1] ^[2].
Merim Bilalić ^[3]

Einstellung effect

See also

Selected Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

Einstellung effect

Merim Bilalić, Why Good Thoughts Block Better Ones: The Mechanism of the Pernicious Einstellung (set) Effect, abstract ^[4]:

The Einstellung (set) effect occurs when the first idea that comes to mind, triggered by familiar features of a problem, prevents a better solution being found. It has been shown to affect both people facing novel problems and experts within their field of expertise. We show that it works by influencing mechanisms that determine what information is attended to. Having found one solution, expert chess players reported that they were looking for a better one. But their eye movements showed that they continued to look at features of the problem related to the solution they had already thought of. The mechanism which allows the first schema activated by familiar aspects of a problem to control the subsequent direction of attention may contribute to a wide range of biases both in everyday and expert thought - from confirmation bias in hypothesis testing to the tendency of scientists to ignore results that do not fit their favored theories.

Selected Publications

^[5]

Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (2006). Does Chess need Intelligence? A study with young chess players. Intelligence, 35, 457-470, preprint pdf, final pdf
Merim Bilalić, Fernand Gobet (2007). They do what they are told to do: The influence of instruction on (chess) expert perception - Commentary on Linhares and Brum (2007). Cognitive Science. pdf ^[6] ^[7]
Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (2008). Inflexibility of experts—Reality or myth? Quantifying the Einstellung effect in chess masters. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 2
Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (2008). Why Good Thoughts Block Better Ones: The Mechanism of the Pernicious Einstellung (set) Effect. Cognition, Vol. 108, No. 3, preprint pdf
Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (2009). Specialization effect and its influence on memory and problem solving in expert chess players. Cognitive Science, Vol. 33, No. 6
Merim Bilalić, Robert Langner, Michael Erb, Wolfgang Grodd (2010). Mechanisms and neural basis of object and pattern recognition: a study with chess experts. Journal of Experimenal Psychology General, Vol. 139, No. 4
Merim Bilalić, Luca Turella, Guillermo Campitelli, Michael Erb, Wolfgang Grodd (2011). Expertise modulates the neural basis of context dependent recognition of objects and their relations. Human Brain Mapping, Vol. 32
Fernand Gobet, Philippe Chassy, Merim Bilalić (2011). Foundations of Cognitive Psychology. McGraw Hill » amazon.com
Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (2011). Expert and “novice” problem solving strategies in chess: Sixty years of citing de Groot (1946). Thinking and Reasoning, Vol. 14, No. 4

External Links

Merim Bilalic chess games - 365Chess.com
Universitätsklinikum Tübingen - Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen
Karpow - Schachakademie Rhein-Neckar e.V | Verleihung des Wissenschaftspreises 2008/2009 (German)
Wissenschaftspreis Schach verliehen from Schach – Ticker, September 14, 2009 (German)
Wissenschaftspreis der KSA für Merim Bilalic, ChessBase News, September 15, 2009 (German)
Brettspiel: Schach | Spiele, Zeit online, January 4, 2010 (German)
Der Psychologe Merim Bilalic erforscht mit Schachproblemen das menschliche Denken Schwäbisches Tagblatt Tübingen, January 13, 2010 (German)
Wissenschaftspreis für Dr. Merim Bilalic | lokalmatador.de, June 19, 2011
Preis der Karpow-Schachakademie verliehen | lokalmatador.de, Video, June 19, 2011, with Sponsor Bernd Wochele, Anatoly Karpov, Hanno Dürr, Robert von Weizsäcker and Merim Bilalić

References

^ Karpow - Schachakademie Rhein-Neckar e.V.
^ Wissenschaftspreis für Dr. Merim Bilalic | lokalmatador.de, June 19, 2011
^ Karpow - Schachakademie Rhein-Neckar e.V | Verleihung des Wissenschaftspreises 2008/2009
^ Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, Fernand Gobet (2008). Why Good Thoughts Block Better Ones: The Mechanism of the Pernicious Einstellung (set) Effect. Cognition, Vol. 108, No. 3, preprint pdf
^ DBLP: Merim Bilalic
^ Alexandre Linhares, Paulo Brum (2007). Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play. Cognitive Science, 31, pdf
^ Alexandre Linhares, Paulo Brum (2009). How Can Experts See the Invisible? Reply to Bilalic and Gobet. Cognitive Science, Vol 33, No. 5

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Adriaan de Groot	Oct 6, 2014
Alexandre Linhares	Nov 10, 2012
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
Guillermo Campitelli	Jul 1, 2014
Merim Bilalić	Oct 2, 2014
Pattern Recognition	Sep 8, 2017
Paulo Brum	Nov 7, 2012
People	Feb 28, 2018
Peter McLeod	Nov 4, 2012
Philippe Chassy	May 11, 2017

Up one level

Michael Barenfeld

GerdIsenberg — Thu, 02 Oct 2014 08:31:27 GMT

See also

Selected Publications

References

What links here?

Home * People * Michael Barenfeld

Michael Barenfeld,
an American psychologist and computer scientist. While affiliated with Carnegie Mellon University in the late 60s, he worked with Herbert Simon on perceptual processes in problem solving, and developed a program dubbed Perceiver based on previously developed routines of the program Mater ^[1] for detecting basic chess relations of attack and defense, to simulate the eye movements of a chess expert over a 5-second interval scanning a chess position preparatory to making a move ^[2].

Selected Publications

^[3]

Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (1968). Information Processing in the Perception of Chess Positions. Carnegie Mellon University, Paper #127
Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (1969). Information Processing-Analysis of Perceptual Processes in Problem Solving. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5, reprinted in Herbert A. Simon (1979). Models of Thought. Yale University Press, pdf

References

^ George W. Baylor, Herbert A. Simon (1966). A chess mating combinations program. AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences, reprinted in Herbert A. Simon (1979). Models of Thought. Yale University Press, pp. 181-200, in David Levy (ed.) (1988). Computer Chess Compendium.
^ Herbert Simon, Kevin J. Gilmartin (1973). A Simulation of Memory for Chess Positions. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 5, pp. 29-46, reprinted in Herbert A. Simon (1979). Models of Thought. Yale University Press, pdf
^ ICGA Reference Database (pdf)

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Carnegie Mellon University	Feb 12, 2018
CHREST	May 6, 2016
Chump	Jan 31, 2016
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Herbert Simon	Feb 11, 2016
Kevin J. Gilmartin	Jan 1, 2016
Michael Barenfeld	Oct 2, 2014
Oleg K. Tichomirov	Oct 2, 2014
People	Feb 28, 2018
Perceiver	Nov 21, 2017

Up one level

Neil Charness

GerdIsenberg — Thu, 02 Oct 2014 08:42:55 GMT

Home * People * Neil Charness

		Neil H. Charness, a Canadian born, American psychologist and professor at department of psychology at Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. He holds a Ph.D. in 1974 from Carnegie Mellon University. His research interests include Human factors approaches to understanding aging and technology use, development and maintenance of expertise across the life-span, aging driver and pedestrian safety research ^[1], and chess and cognition.
Neil Charness ^[2]

See also

Selected Publications

Selected Publications

^[3] ^[4]

1975 ...

Neil Charness (1976). Memory for Chess Positions: Resistance to Interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 641-653 » MAPP
Neil Charness (1977). Human Chess Skill. Chess Skill in Man and Machine (Ed. Peter W. Frey), pp. 34-53.

1980 ...

Neil Charness (1981). Search in chess: Age and skill differences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 7, 467-476.
Neil Charness (1981). Visual short-term memory and aging in chess players. Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 36, 615-619.

1990 ...

Neil Charness (1992). The Impact of Chess Research on Cognitive Science. Psychological Research, Vol. 54, No. 1
Neil Charness, Yigal Gerchak (1996). Participation rates and maximal performance: A Log-linear explanation for group differences, such as Russian and male dominance in chess. Psychological Science, Vol. 7, 46-51. ^[5]
Richard S. Schultetus, Neil Charness (1999). Recall vs. position evaluation revisited: The importance of position-specific memory in chess skill. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 112, No. 4, 555-569.

2000 ...

Neil Charness, Eyal Reingold, et al. (2001). The perceptual aspect of skilled performance in chess: Evidence from eye movements. Memory & Cognition, Vol. 29, 1146-1152, pdf
Eyal Reingold, Neil Charness, Richard S. Schultetus, et al. (2001). Perceptual automaticity in expert chess players: Parallel encoding of chess relations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, 504-510, pdf
Neil Charness, Eyal Reingold, et al. (2005). The Role of Deliberate Practice in Chess Expertise. Applied Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 19, 151-165, pdf
Eyal Reingold, Neil Charness (2005). Perception in chess: Evidence from eye movements. Cognitive processes in eye guidance. Oxford University Press, pdf
K. Anders Ericsson, Neil Charness, Paul Feltovich, Robert R. Hoffman (2006). Cambridge handbook on expertise and expert performance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-60081-2.
Tiffany Jastrzembski, Neil Charness ( 2007). The Model Human Processor and the Older Adult: Parameter Estimation and Validation within a Mobile Phone Task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 224-248 ^[6]

2010 ...

Neil Charness (2012). Patterns of theorizing about chess skill - Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010) and Lane and Gobet (2011). New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 30, No. 3 ^[7] ^[8] ^[9]

External Links

References

^ Dr. Neil Charness | Psychology at Florida State University
^ Neil Charness's albums from Google+
^ CV of Neil H. Charness (pdf)
^ Amazon.com: Neil Charness: Books
^ Gender differences in chess – feedback and a new theory, ChessBase News, January 30, 2012
^ Human processor model from Wikipedia
^ William Chase, Herbert Simon (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pdf
^ Alexandre Linhares, Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas (2010). Questioning Chase and Simon's (1973) “Perception in chess”: The “experience recognition” hypothesis. New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 1
^ Peter Lane, Fernand Gobet (2011). Perception in chess and beyond: Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010). New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 2

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Alexandre Linhares	Nov 10, 2012
Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas	Nov 7, 2012
Carnegie Mellon University	Feb 12, 2018
Chess Skill in Man and Machine	Nov 12, 2014
CHREST	May 6, 2016
Chump	Jan 31, 2016
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Eyal Reingold	Nov 3, 2012
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
MAPP	Jan 30, 2016
Memory	Dec 8, 2017
Neil Charness	Oct 2, 2014
People	Feb 28, 2018
Peter Lane	Jan 1, 2016
William Chase	Jan 21, 2016

Up one level

Oleg K. Tichomirov

GerdIsenberg — Thu, 02 Oct 2014 08:26:47 GMT

Home * People * Oleg K. Tichomirov

		Oleg Konstantinovič Tichomirov, (Олег Константинович Тихомиров, 1933 - 2001) was a Russian psychologist, head of general psychology and Professor Emeritus at Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University. He was specialized in the theories of psychology, cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence and computer science, and was further interested in the psychology of thought and speech, psychology of creativity, problem of goal formation, human-computer interaction, and methodology and history of psychology.
O. K. Tichomirov ^[1]

Chess

In 1966, along with E. D. Poznyanskaya, Tichomirov conducted cognitive experiments with chess masters, notably measuring their eye movements during the first five seconds after viewing a chess position ^[2]. One position was used by Herbert Simon and Michael Barenfeld for their research and publications concerning Perceiver, the experimental chess program which simulated human eye movements ^[3] ^[4].

r1b2rk1/pp3pbp/1q3np1/2pP2B1/4p3/2N1P3/PPQ1BPPP/2KR3R b - - 1 1 ^[5] ^[6]

Selected Publicatons

^[7]

Oleg K. Tichomirov, E. D. Poznyanskaya (1966). An Investigation of Visual Search as a Means of Analyzing Heuristics. Soviet Psychology, Winter 1966-67 (from Voprosy Psikhologii, 1966, 2, 4, Исследование зрительного поиска как путь к анализу)
Oleg K. Tichomirov (ed.) (1972). Man and Computer. Moscow State University
Oleg K. Tichomirov (1975). Искусственный интеллект и психология. (Artificial Intelligence and Psychology) Moskva : Nauka
Oleg K. Tichomirov (1984). The Psychology of Thinking. Moscow : Progress Publishers

External Links

References

^ Тихомиров Олег Константинович
^ Oleg K. Tichomirov, E. D. Poznyanskaya (1966). An Investigation of Visual Search as a Means of Analyzing Heuristics. Soviet Psychology, Winter 1966-67
^ Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (1969). Information Processing-Analysis of Perceptual Processes in Problem Solving. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5, reprinted in Herbert A. Simon (1979). Models of Thought. Yale University Press, pdf
^ Herbert Simon, William Chase (1973). Skill in Chess. American Scientist, Vol. 61, No. 4, reprinted in David Levy (ed.) (1988) Computer Chess Compendium, pdf
^ Middlegame position used in Oleg K. Tichomirov, E. D. Poznyanskaya (1966). An Investigation of Visual Search as a Means of Analyzing Heuristics. Soviet Psychology, Winter 1966-67, referred by Herbert Simon, Michael Barenfeld (1969). Information Processing-Analysis of Perceptual Processes in Problem Solving. Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5, reprinted in Herbert A. Simon (1979). Models of Thought. Yale University Press, pdf
^ The Tichomirov-Poznyanskaya middlegame position analysis (1966) by John L. Jerz
^ СПИСОК НАУЧНЫХ ТРУДОВ - List of publications (pdf)

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Eye Movements	Jul 22, 2015
Moscow State University	May 20, 2016
Oleg K. Tichomirov	Oct 2, 2014
People	Feb 28, 2018
Perceiver	Nov 21, 2017

Up one level

Pertti Saariluoma

GerdIsenberg — Tue, 13 Jun 2017 11:41:03 GMT

Home * People * Pertti Saariluoma

		Pertti Saariluoma, a Finnish psychologist, professor of cognitive science at Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Jyväskylä, and FIDE Master in chess. He received his Ph.D. on human problem solving and expertise from University of Turku in 1984, in 1985-1986 he was visiting researcher at Carnegie Mellon University, where he worked with Herbert Simon. His research interest includes psychology and cognition in chess.
Pertti Saariluoma ^[1]

Chess Experiments

See also

Selected Publications

Chess Experiments

Pertti Saariluoma conducted a series of experiments which suggest that grandmasters are much quicker than novices in certain low-level perceptual processes. In the first of these experiments, a king of one color was placed on the chessboard, along with a piece of the other color. The subject had to state whether the king was in check or not. The average latencies were as follows: novices: 1550 ms, class players: 1250 ms, experts: 900 ms, grandmasters: 650 ms. The results indicated that skill is inversely proportional to the reaction time ^[2] ^[3] .

Selected Publications

^[4] ^[5]

1980 ...

Pertti Saariluoma (1980). Chess players' strategies for the direction of the mind. Joensuu University, Department of Education's publications and press releases
Pertti Saariluoma (1984). Coding problem spaces in chess: A Psychological study. Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium 23/1984, amazon
Pertti Saariluoma (1985). Chess players' intake of task relevant cues.Memory and Cognition, Vol. 13
Pertti Saariluoma (1989). Chess players' recall of auditorily presented chess positions. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 1

1990 ...

Pertti Saariluoma (1990). Chess players' search for task relevant cues: Are chunks relevant? In: David Brogan: Visual search. pp. 115-121
Pertti Saariluoma (1991). Aspects of skilled imagery and visual memory in blindfold chess. Acta Psychologica, Vol. 77
Pertti Saariluoma (1992). Error in chess: The apperception restructuring view. Psychological Research, Vol. 54
Pertti Saariluoma (1994). Location coding in chess. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 47A
Pertti Saariluoma (1995). Chess players' thinking. Routledge, amazon.com
Pertti Saariluoma (1997). Foundational Analysis: Presuppositions in Experimental Psychology. Routledge, amazon.com
Pertti Saariluoma, Virpi Kalakoski (1998). Apperception and Imagery in Blindfold Chess. Memory, Vol. 6, No. 1
Pertti Saariluoma, Tei Laine (1998). Chess players' early recall of chess positions: An empirical and simulative investigation. ECCM-98, Nottingham University Press

2000 ...

Pertti Saariluoma (2001). Chess and content-oriented psychology of thinking. Psicológica, 22, 143-164, pdf
Pertti Saariluoma, Tei Laine (2001). Novice construction of chess memory. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 42, No. 2 ^[6]
Pertti Saariluoma, Hasse Karlsson, Heikki Lyytinen, Mika Teräs, Fabian Geisler (2004). Visuospatial representations used by chess experts: A preliminary study. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 5

2010 ...

Pertti Saariluoma (2011). Questions and Answers. Human Technology, Vol. 7, No.3, pdf

External Links

References

^ Pertti Saariluoma homepage
^ Pertti Saariluoma (1995). Chess players' thinking. Routledge
^ DBLP: Pertti Saariluoma
^ Pertti Saariluoma homepage
^ Fernand Gobet (2007). Chunk hierarchies and retrieval structures: Comments on Saariluoma and Laine. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42. pdf

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Carnegie Mellon University	Feb 12, 2018
Chess Psychology Booklist	Apr 11, 2013
CHREST	May 6, 2016
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
Memory	Dec 8, 2017
People	Feb 28, 2018
Pertti Saariluoma	Jun 13, 2017
Tei Laine	Jun 13, 2017

Up one level

Peter Lane

GerdIsenberg — Fri, 01 Jan 2016 21:44:31 GMT

See also

Selected Publications

Home * People * Peter Lane

Peter C. R. Lane,
a British computer scientist, senior lecturer in CS at University of Hertfordshire. He is member of the British Computer Society, and the Cognitive Science Society. His research interest is the area of learning algorithms and their applications. Along with Fernand Gobet, Lane works on CHREST, a cognitive architecture that models human perception, learning, memory, and problem solving ^[1].

Selected Publications

^[2] ^[3]

2000 ...

Fernand Gobet, Peter Lane, Steve Croker, Peter C-H. Cheng, Gary Jones, Iain Oliver, Julian M. Pine (2001). Chunking mechanisms in human learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 6
Fernand Gobet, Peter Lane (2004). CHREST tutorial: Simulations of human learning. CogSci 2004
Richard L. Smith, Fernand Gobet, Peter Lane (2007). An Investigation into the Effect of Ageing on Expert Memory with CHREST. UKCI 2007
Peter Lane, Fernand Gobet, Richard L. Smith (2008). Attention mechanisms in the CHREST cognitive architecture. Proc. of the 5th International Workshop on Attention in Cognitive Systems
Peter Lane, Fernand Gobet (2008). A methodology for developing computational implementations of scientific theories. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Computer Modelling & Simulation
Richard L. Smith, Fernand Gobet, Peter Lane (2009). Checking chess checks with chunks: A model of simple check detection. ICCM 2009

2010 ...

Peter Lane, Fernand Gobet (2011). Perception in chess and beyond: Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010). New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 2 ^[4] ^[5]
Peter Lane, Fernand Gobet (2012). A theory-driven testing methodology for developing scientific software. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 24, No. 4

External Links

References

^ Fernand Gobet and Peter Lane (2004). CHREST tutorial: Simulations of human learning. CogSci 2004
^ Peter Lane: Publications
^ DBLP: Peter C. R. Lane
^ Alexandre Linhares, Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas (2010). Questioning Chase and Simon's (1973) “Perception in chess”: The “experience recognition” hypothesis. New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 1
^ Neil Charness (2012). Patterns of theorizing about chess skill - Commentary on Linhares and Freitas (2010) and Lane and Gobet (2011). New Ideas in Psychology, Vol. 30, No. 3

What links here?

Page	Date Edited
Alexandre Linhares	Nov 10, 2012
Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas	Nov 7, 2012
Check	Feb 1, 2018
CHREST	May 6, 2016
Chunking	Jun 12, 2017
Cognition	Dec 8, 2017
EPAM	Jul 15, 2017
Fernand Gobet	May 11, 2017
Neil Charness	Oct 2, 2014
People	Feb 28, 2018
Peter Lane	Jan 1, 2016
William Chase	Jan 21, 2016

Up one level

Wikispaces : chessprogramming - items matching description

Adriaan de Groot

Table of Contents

Quotes

Chase & Simon

Fernand Gobet

Four Stages

Euratom

See also

Selected Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

Alex de Voogt

Table of Contents

Selected Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

Alexandre Linhares

Table of Contents

The Nature of Chunks

See also

Selected Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

Chess Psychology Booklist

References

CHREST

Table of Contents

CHUMP

Architecture

See also

Publications

External Links

References

What links here?

Christopher Chabris

Table of Contents

See also

Selected Publications

Forum Posts

External Links

References

What links here?

Cognition

Table of Contents

Cognition in Chess

Perception

Programs

See also

Publications

1890 ...

1920 ...

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1985

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2015 ...

Forum Posts

External Links

Cognition

Cognitive Architectures

Chess

Misc

References

What links here?

Eliot Hearst

Table of Contents

Rosenwald Tournament 1956

Photos